Supermarket and International Segment Essay Example for Free

Supermarket and International Segment EssayWal-Mart in Brazil is one of the third-largest seller companies in the worlds fifth-largest country. Wal-Mart Brazil has more than 485 supermarkets, three and Sams hypermarkets in different Brazilian states, including Sao Paulo, one of the busiest state in Brazil. Wal-Mart Brazil ranks as the third-largest retail merchant in the worlds fifth-largest country. Since entering the market in 1995 with just two supercenters and three SAMS CLUB warehouse stores, Wal-Mart Brazil has grown, mainly by acquisition, to number near 485 supermarkets and hypermarkets in more than 15 Brazilian states, including the populous economic center of Sao Paul. Wal-Mart primary product lines are Food, Clothing, Household Appliances, Electronics and Grocery Pets Etc . While brand ring trade accounts for a majority of sales, numerous store brands not found in the United States have been developed to dispense customers in the different markets in which the International segment operates. In addition, steps have been taken to develop relationships with local suppliers in each country to check off reliable sources of quality merchandise. It operates retail stores in various formats around the world and is committed to saving people money so they can live better.We earn the trust of our customers every daylight by providing a broad assortment of quality merchandise and services at every day low prices while fostering a refining that rewards and embraces mutual respect, integrity and diversity. The merchandising strategy for the International segment is similar to that of our operations in the United States in terms of the breadth and scope of merchandise offered for sale. While brand name merchandise accounts for a majority of sales, numerous store brands not found in the United States have been developed to serve customers in the different markets in which the International segment operates.In addition, steps have been taken to devel op relationships with local suppliers in each country to ensure reliable sources of quality merchandise The International segment competes with a variety of local, national and international chains in the supermarket, discount, department, drug, variety and specialty stores, supercenter-type stores, hypermarts, wholesale clubs, internet-based retailers and catalog businesses in each of the countries in which we operate and, in Mexico, with local, national and international restaurant chains.Our ability to offer our customers low prices on quality merchandise that offers stupendous value in the International segment determines, to a large extent, our competitive position. In our international units, our ability to operate the food departments effectively has a major impact on the segments competitive position in the markets where we operate. The main competitor for Wal-Mart in Brazil is Carrefour, a famous French supermarket chain, which entered the Brazilian market in 1974.Today, t he chain is responsible for the operation of 39 stores spread over the country, and is fully adapted to Brazilian culture and consumption habits, therefore not being perceived by customers as a foreign company. As a matter of fact, Carrefour is known as the lowest price retailer by people of all social classes. Customers impressed by low prices and extensive product lines, besides special offers, who had to travel several miles to reach the stores, were in for a surprise.In case the products that customers were looking for had been sold out a few moments earlier, there was no provision as to when a new declivity would arrive in the store. A badly planned product turnover? The fact is that they were facing an average stockout rate of 40%, while its stockout rate in the U. S. stores is no higher than 5%. Maybe this stockout rate has occurred due to various problems with suppliers, whom Wal-Mart executives expected to be capable of working in a just-in-time delivery environment.

Airline Economics Essay Example for Free

air lane Economics EssayThe purpose of this note is to provide background to the study of the respiratory tract assiduity by briefly discussing tetrad important economic aspects of the effort (1) the nature and measurement of respiratory tract be (2) economies of scope and hub-and-spoke networks (3) the relationship between yields and market characteristics and (4) the S-curve depression. The Appendix to this note contains a glossary of key terms used throughout the discussion.Airline damagesAirline cost fall into three broad categoriesflight sensitive costs which vary with the number of flights the airway offers. These include the costs associated with crews, aircraft servicing, and fuel. Once the airline sets its schedule, these costs are frigid. traffic-sensitive costs which vary with the number of passengers. These include the costs associated with items such as ticketing agents and food. Airlines plan their expenditures on these items in anticipation of the leve l of traffic, but in the short run, these costs are also fixed. fixed overhead costs which include general and administrative expenses, costs associated with marketing and advertising, and interest expenses.The largest category of costs is flight-sensitive. An important point about an airlines cost structure, and a key to understanding the nature of ambition in the industry, is that once an airline has set its schedule, nearly all of its costs are fixed and thus cannot be avoided. Because it is better to generate cash flow to cover some fixed costs, as opposed to n one at all, an airline will be unbidden to fly passengers at prices far below its average total cost. This implies that the incidence of price wars during periods of low demand is likely to be greater in this industry than in most.There are two alternative measures of an airlines average (or, equivalently, unit) costscost per available lieu mile (ASM)cost per tax taxation passenger mile ( revolutions per minute)Cost per ASM is an airlines operating costs divided by the total number of seat-miles it flies. (An available seat mile is one seat flown one mile.) It is essentially the cost per unit of cogency. Cost per RPM is the airlines operating costs divided by the number of revenue-passenger miles it flies. (A revenue passenger mile is one passenger flown one mile.) It is essentially the cost per unit of developed output. These two measures are related by the formulaCost per RPM = cost per ASM ( stretch factorwhere load factor is the fraction of seat an airline fills on its flights. In the end, it is cost per RPM that an airline must(prenominal) worry about, for it must cover its cost per RPM to make a profit.Airlines differ greatly in both their costs per ASM and costs per RPM. For example, in 1992 sou-west had a cost per ASM of 7.00 cents, while USAir had a cost per ASM of 10.90 cents. Similarly, Delta had a cost per RPM of 15.33 cents while American had a cost per RPM of 13.81.Difference s across airlines in cost per ASM reflect differences in1) average length of flights (cost per ASM declines with distance).2) fleet composition (cost per ASM is baseborner with bigger planes).3) input prices, especially wage rates.4) input productivity, especially labor.5) boilersuit operating efficiency.Differences across airlines in cost per RPM reflect differences in cost perASM plus differences in load factor. Two airlines might fall in in truth similar costs per ASM, but quite different costs per RPM because of differences in load factor. For example, in 1992 USAir and unites cost per ASM differed by little than 2 cents (USAir 10.90, United 9.30), but their costs per RPM differed by nearly 5 cents (USAir 18.54, United 13.80) because of USAirs commence overall load factor (USAir .59, United .67)Economies of Scope and Hub-and-Spoke NetworksEconomies of scope play an important role in shaping the structure of the U.S. airline industry. The source of economies of scope in the airline industry is the hub-and-spoke network. In hub-and-spoke network, an airline flies passengers from a set of spoke cities through a central hub, where passengers then change planes and fly from the hub to their outward-bound destinations. Thus, a passenger traveling from, say, Omaha to Louisville on American Airlines would board an American flight from Omaha to Chicago, change planes, and then fly from Chicago to Louisville.In general, economies of scope exceed when a multiproduct firm can produce don quantities of products at a deject total cost than the total cost of producing these same quantities in break off firms. If quantity can be aggregated into a common measure, this definition is equivalent to saying that a firm producing many products will have a lower average cost than a firm producing just a few products. In the airline industry, it makes economic sense to think about singular origin-destination pairs (e.g., St. Louis to New Orleans, St. Louis to Houston, et c.) as distinct products. Viewed in this way, economies of scope would exist if an airlines cost per RPM is lower the more origin-destination pairs its serves.To understand how hub-and-spoke networks give rise to economies of scope, it is first necessary to explain economies of closeness. Economies of density are essentially economies of scale along a given route, i.e., reductions in average cost as traffic volume on the route enlarges. Economies of density occur because of two factors (1) spreading flight sensitive fixed costs and (2) economies of aircraft size. As an airlines traffic volumeincreases, it can fill a large fraction of seats on a given type of aircraft and thus increase its load factor. The airlines total costs increase only slightly as it carries more passengers because traffic-sensitive costs are small in relation to flight-sensitive fixed costs.As a result, the airlines cost per RPM falls as flight-sensitive fixed costs are spread over a larger traffic volume. As traffic volume on the route gets even larger, it becomes worthwhile to substitute larger aircraft (e.g., 300 seat Boeing 767s) for smaller aircraft (e.g., 150 seat Boeing 737s). A key aspect of this substitution is that the 300 seat aircraft flown a given distance at a given load factor is less(prenominal) than twice as costly as the 150 seat aircraft flown the same distance at the same load factor. The reason is that doubling the number of seats and passengers on a plane does not require doubling the number of pilots or flight at flowants or the amount of fuel.Economies of scope emerge from the interplay of economies of density and the properties of a hub-and-spoke network. To see how, consider an origin-destination pair say, Indianapolis to Chicago with a modest amount of traffic. An airline serving only this route would use small planes, and even then, would probably process with a low load factor. But now consider an airline serving a hub-and-spoke network, with the hub at Chicago. If this airline offered flights between Indianapolis and Chicago, it would not only draw passengers who want to travel from Indianapolis to Chicago, but it would also draw passengers from traveling from Indianapolis to all otherwise points accessible from Chicago in the network (e.g., Los Angeles or San Francisco). An airline that includes the Indianapolis-Chicago route as part of a larger hub-and-spoke network can operate larger aircraft at higher load factors than an airline serving only Indianapolis-Chicago.As a result, it can benefit from economies of density to achieve a lower cost per RPM along the Indianapolis-Chicago route. In addition, the traffic between Indianapolis and the other spoke cities that will fly through Chicago will increase load factors and lower costs per RPM on all of the spoke routes in the network. The overall effect an airline that serves Indianapolis-Chicago as part of a hub-and-spoke network will have lower costs per RPM than an airline that only servesIndianapolis-Chicago. This is precisely what is meant by economies of scope.Relation Between Airline Yields and Market CharacteristicsAn airlines yield is the amount of revenue it collects per revenue passenger mile. It is essentially a measure of the average airline fares, adjusting for differences in distances between different origins and destinations. Airline yields are strongly affected by the characteristics of the particular origin-destination market being served. In particular, there are two important relationships Shorter distance markets (e.g., New York-Pittsburgh) tend to have higher yields than longer distance markets (e.g., New York-Denver). Controlling for differences in the number of competitors, flights between smaller markets tend to have higher yields than flights between larger markets.The reasons for relationship 1) are summarized in approach pattern 1.shorter distancehigher cost per RPMlower load factorhigher cost per RPMhigher yieldFigure 1Cost per ASM generally falls as distance increases. This is because, say, doubling trip mileage does not require doubling key inputs such as fuel or labor. Thus, shorter flights have higher cost per ASM than longer flights, and airlines must achieve higher yields to cover these higher costs. In addition, shorter distance flights generally have lower load factors than longer distance flights, which implies a higher cost per RPM for shorter distance flights, again requiring higher yields. Why are load factors lower for shorter flights?The reasons has to do with the greater substitutionpossibilities that consumers have in short-distance markets (e.g., car of train travel are more viable options). In short distance markets, we would therefrom expect that some fraction of time-sensitive travelers (e.g., vacationers) would travel on these alternative modes, so short distance flights would have a higher proportion of time-sensitive travelers (e.g., business persons) than longer distance flights. Competitive pressures thus force airlines to offer more frequent flight schedules in short-distance markets, which leads to lower load factors.The reason for relationship 2) has to do with the economies of density discussed earlier. Smaller markets will have lower traffic volumes, and airlines will generally operate smaller aircraft at lower load factors, increasing costs per RPM and yields.The S-Curve EffectThe S-curve effect refers to a phenomenon whereby a dominant bearers market share (share of RPM) in a particular origin-destination market tends to be greater than the carriers share of capacity (share of ASM). Thus, for example, if United offers 70% of the seats flown between Denver and San Francisco, and Continental flies the remaining 30%, then the S-curve effect says that Uniteds share of the actual traffic in this market will be greater than 70% and Continentals will be less than 30%. This translates into an S-shaped relationship between share of capacity and market share, as shown in Figure 2.The S-curve effects stems from two sources. First, an airline with a greater share of capacity in a market is likely to have greater visibility in that market, so passengers are likely to contact it first. Second, an airline with a greater capacity share is likely to have more frequent and thus more convenient departures. This, too, works to boost its share of the actual traffic.The S-curve phenomenon makes capacity an important competitive weapon in the rivalry among airlines. An airline with the financial resources to purchaseaircraft and airport gates to achieve a dominant capacity share on key routes is likely to win the fight for market share. This suggests that, in general, it will be very difficult for a small carrier to challenge a dominant carrier at a hub airport, unless the small carrier can achieve significant cost advantages unrelated to scale. The history of competition in the post-deregulation airline industry seems to bear this out.

Impact of internet and mobile phone

Impact of mesh and alert phoneImpact of network and lively phone on our life and the life of upcoming generationsThe communication technology has become one of the important technologies in the last thirty years of the late of the twentieth century. The communication theory Technology industry is whitewash grow significantly. Also, it is likely to increase growth in the coming years.There are several definitions of communication technology and one of them follows the World Bank defines CT as the set of activities which facilitate by electronic means the processing, transmission and display of information (Cairncross, 1998). In addition there are many types of communication technology. Such as, mobile phone, internet and telephone landlines, etc.The communication technology has evolved to become a tool to link in all the countries in the origination. In addition, the world has become small village by this technique. In fact, good deal can see any event in the world on TV, because the satellite is operational in most countries.Although this growth increasing worries for future generation of the dangerous of this technology on them, because, this technique also includes the benefits and drawbacks.In this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages two types of communications technology the internet and mobile phone on our health, education and relationship. Then, it will explain how should concern for the future of our grandchildren from this technique.Introduction on internetThere is a significant increase in the use of the internet by people in the beginning of the twenty-first century compared with year 1990. In January 1990 About 188,000 midpoint Internet users and approximately 3,400,000 Electronic mail users, whereas the forecast in January 2000 almost 254,000,000 Core Internet users and nearly 827,000,000 Electronic mail users (Cairncross, 1998).For instance (There is) a magnanimous use in email-health information by most hospitals. Also , near government agencies are providing high quality information for health care in hospitals and clinics to process patients to take a leak appointments, as well as access to an appropriate decision in the selection of health services. Such as in the United kingdom people can get an appointment and chose physicians by using internet (Stewart, 2000).In addition the internet has a major impact on executing of hospitals and revenue collection. Nowadays the internet has connected employments and consultants in majority of countries each other, to share some consulting and cooperation in the field of health. For example a doctor in India can request some consultations from doctors in the U.S.A or France by internet.Benefits of mobile phone on healthWith regards to mobile phones they have en fittingd people to keep in touch anywhere at any time. For example, nowadays people can contact the hospitals and ambulance at any time and at anywhere. For instance, if there is an accident, p eople able to communicate an ambulance immediately by mobile phone to rescue the injured. The second example if somebody has an appointment he can delay or fell that time by mobile phone from anywhere.Impact of mobile phone on healthHowever, the mobile phone has impacted on our health. In hospitals the signals emitted by mobile phone can interfere with sensitive electronic devices. For instance, in the hospitals there are signs warning of the use of mobile phone must confuse off.In addition when people use the mobile phone for a long time, the temperature of the ear and the area around it is slightly higher, because that signals which emitted from the mobile phone. According to Scotch Executive claims that, It is possible to measure how much radio wave energy your body receives from each model of mobile phone. This is called the specific an absorption rate or SAR (Stewart, 2000).Also a new study in Finland found that the effects of radiation emanating from mobile phone on human c ells rather than those rats. In this for a period for two years of research found that the radiation emitted from mobile phone damage the blood brain barrier.Benefits of internet on educationAs it can be seen from the above comments communication technology has increased so dramatically, that it has benefited our lives considerably. As a result, the continuing evolution of online world has also had a peremptory effect on education. For example, internet is widely used to connect teachers with students and speak to them and give people lectures online. According to (Ko Rossen, 2008) described how the internet has been used to emulate classroom discussions, to support students reckoning and retention of taught materials.In addition, large numbers of students around the world focus their attention on the use of the internet and there is a supporting factor in their success in the study. For example by E-mail, students can send each other and have access to what they need and as soon as the largest amount of information. In the same way, teaching online takes a short time to be done (Ko Rossen, 2008). online learning provides the teacher a chaw of comfort, and freedom for students as well. Bartering of this method, the professor is not required to take hid bag full of papers to classroom, and stand at the lecture with student for hours to explain his lesson.Benefits mobile in educationIn the same way, the mobile phone has enabled both teachers and students to keep in touch and help them deal with class problems, discuss assignments, and make plan for study. Moreover, mobile phone is used to help student and other people to obtain important notice which they need. According to Koreas Suk Myoung University stats that, students use the phone to underpin their attendance and enable them to enter the libraries, also to buy some of food from school canteen by a quicker time are easier way(Ko Rossen, 2008).Drawback of internet on educationOn the other hand, commun ication technologies have also negative impacts on our life. More and to a greater extent, teachers are using the internet in their classroom, so internet has several disadvantages effect on learning.Firstly, in universities some professors use E-mail or websites to download their lecture for student without explain, therefore some students do not understand the lesson oddly in scientific subjects and practical materials. Furthermore, scientists can loss the interpersonal skills and the lesson can be done without gestures and movements which add to the science experiment.Secondly, some schools the main factor in educational process is the educator, who have clarify not just how information communication technology works, but, also how young people connect to this tool at home, as well as in the school. It is the teacher who is a responsible to learn children and created their scientific skills rather than using internet.Benefits of internet on relationshipsWith the regards to the b enefits of Internet on relationship, it can be said that the internet has recently become the first modern technique spread in all countries of the world. Also, it has become all segments of society continue through the sites for chaffer, such as yahoo messenger and Skype. Indeed the internet users every day exposed to tack a new relationship with others. Nowadays the online romantic relationship on internet has spread dramatically, as a result of participation in the chat rooms.By the year 2007, equivalent to 3.3 billion mobile phone users in the world, because the mobile phone has become an integral part of daily life for humanity (Cooltech, 2009).In addition the main motive for buying a mobile phone which is the desire of buyers to communicate and social cohesion. For example people use their mobile phone to connect with their families and friends, as well as manage their business. Moreover through the internet and mobile phone communication between the developing countries an d the genuine countries has become very easy.Negatives the mobile phone internet on relationshipsOn the other hand, the studies suggest that the mobile phone has a negative impact on the balance between work and life. Also, some companies and employers prevent the employees the use of mobile phone, Such as HSBC Bank and Lloyds TSB bank in the United Kingdom. (Monthathip Panos, 2009).Although the internet has advantages, the internet has some disadvantages. Use the internet impact on the amount of time spent by a person with family and friends. Children and young people are more likely than others to use the internet has reduced the time spent with family and friends. In addition the use of internet altered the amount of time spent by a person in the amusements of other, such as TV viewing, reading, sport and social outings (Monthathip Panos, 2009).Impact the communication technology on GenerationThis rapid information in communication technology has increased concern for our fu ture generation. If there are adverse health effects of mobile phone use is not clear at this time. Although if there is any side effect will be more severely affected on children, because their nervous system quiesce continues to grow. It will be affected tissues of the head for more energy, especially with the length of exposure. It is believe that the diffusion of mobile phone use by children should be avoided especially for non-essential.Also Still mobile technology is relatively new. This is why the scientists and researchers in all over the world are conducting studies and research in an attempt to understand the effects of this small device.

Pharmacy is a health profession

Pharmacy is a health professionChapter 1The article is derived from the Greek word pharmakon meaning drug or medicine and has been intaked since the 15th and 17th centuries 1. Pharmacy is a health profession that combines the health sciences with the chemic sciences. It corresponds the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs.Pharmacy use includes modern serves that argon re after-hoursd to health c be clinical go, providing drug discipline and reviewing medications for safety and efficacy purposes 1.1.1.1 The various disciplines of PharmacyPharmacy can be separate into three major(ip) disciplinesa) Pharmaceuticsb) Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosyc) Pharmacy devotePharmacology is often considered to be a fourth discipline but is not specific to chemists shop, even though it is essential. The boundaries between the different disciplines and other(a) sciences deal biochemistry are not clear cut. Hence, research litigate from the various disciplines is often done concurrently 2.1 The Hormone Shop LLC. The History of pharmaceutic Compunding. home scalawag on the Internet. 2010 cited 2010 Oct 10. Available from http//www.thehormoneshop.com/historyofcompoundingpharmacy.htm2 Dayanada Sagar College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India. History of Pharmacy. home page on the Internet. 2008 cited 2010 Oct 10. Available from http//www.dscpharmacy.org/pharmacy.php1.1.2 The Pharmacist and Community PharmacyPharmacists are skil guide and highly-trained health care professionals who ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. In the confederacy pharmacy, the pill pusher has various qualitys and these include amongst others (Azzopardi, 2010)a) the procurement of medications that are suitable for human exerciseb) ensuring the separate conditions for the storage of medicinesc) ensuring the appropriate and safe disposal of expired medicinesd) dispensing of medications that are either on a prescription, or pharmacist-recommended or asked for direct ly by the patiente) pull down-of-care testingf) offering worldwide medical checkup advice without the need of a prior appointment.The practice of community pharmacy varies between countries. Nevertheless, the basic functions and responsibilities are the same.A community pharmacist builds a particular(prenominal) kind with the clients, especially the regular ones. Hence, communication skills are of major importance. The pharmacist finds him / herself comforting and hearing out the patient when necessary, and is expected to be at a lower placestanding and besides a good listener.1.2 History of PharmacyThe first pharmacies, apothecaries as they were kneaderly be intimaten, were lay downed in the Middle Ages in Baghdad. The first one was founded in the year 754 AD by Muslim pharmacists during the Islamic Golden Age 2. During the 11th century, community pharmacies were established in southern France and southern Italy. In 1240, Emperor Frederick II trim downd a decree the med ical profession was to be separated from the pharmacy profession. Pharmacy practice was to be supervised so that drugs of a suitable quality would be prepared and produced (Azzopardi, 2010).The history of pharmacy can be classified into three stagesa) compounding and dispensingb) clinical pharmacyc) pharmaceutical care.Originally, the pharmacists had to prepare and dispense medicines so they had to stick out at compounding. The community pharmacist was thitherfore highly esteemed because the preparation of medicines was greatly valued in society.In fact, at that time, the pharmacists and other professionals such as lawyers, medical doctors and parish priests were the leaders in the community. As time passed, newly discovered drugs became much dangerous and potent so they started being prepared by manufacturing companies. The pharmacists role was only to dispense these drugs (Al-Shaqha, Zairi, 2001).2 Dayanada Sagar College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, India. History of Pharmacy. home p age on the Internet. 2008 cited 2010 Oct 10. Available from http//www.dscpharmacy.org/pharmacy.phpPharmacists moved to clinical practice about 25 years ago. The original archetype of clinical pharmacy services was based on the fact that pharmacists ought to use their professional knowledge to ensure the appropriate and safe use of drugs in patients. As a result, several pharmacists nowadays work in hospitals, nursing homes and well-nigh ambulatory clinics. Problems remained within the drug-use-system despite the advances made in clinical pharmacy and documenting and recognising these problems has led to the concept of pharmaceutical care becoming the new basis for pharmacy practice (Al-Shaqha, Zairi, 2001).1.2.1 History of pharmacy in Malta1.2.1.1 History of pharmacy in Malta from the late 15th century until the arrival of the Knights of the roll of St. John of Jerusalem in 1530Before 1500, the pharmacists in Malta were almost all Sicilian. In the early 15th century, pharmacists were diligent either by the Universita or by the hospital of Santo Spirito.Mastru Salvatore Passa is the first documented pharmacist in Malta who practised in Mdina and the Hospital of Santo Spirito in Rabat from 1450 to 1475. The medicines overconfident in those days were mainly herbal. During this period, Passa often travelled to Sicily due to his work, presumably to import medicinal herbs as many herbs did not form part of the local flora (Borg, 1998).1.2.1.2 Pharmacy under the Knights of the Order of St. John of JerusalemThe Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem arrived in Malta on the 26th October, 1530 and they applied their knowledge of pharmacy to the practice in Malta. A Holy Infirmary in Birgu was built and the Greek pharmacist, Giacomo Gualterio, who had accompanied the Order to Malta was the apothecary (Borg, 1998).Grand Master Nicholas Cottoner established the instill of Anatomy and Surgery at the Holy Infirmary in 1676. It is very probable that a Pharmacy course was established in the school (Borg, 1998). downstairs the Knights, the practice of pharmacy in Malta changed gradually, but continuously, occurring in a similar way to that in Europe. However, extemporaneous preparations remained the same from the times of Mastru Salvatore Passa because the enlargement of the pharmaceutical patience still had to occur (Borg, 1998).1.2.1.3 Pharmacy under the French and British coloniesThe French arrived in Malta in 1798. There were no to a greater extent than 32 pharmacies under their dominion, apiece one having an average clientele of 3,000 patients. No changes were made to the laws governing the practice of pharmacy under the French. Hence, the daily activities of the pharmacists were identical to those of under the Knights. The laws established by the Knights of the Order of St. John remained in force until 1900. In their stay in Malta, which lasted for about one hundred years, the British left their mark on the pharmacy profession. The use of the English language, the names of pharmacies pertaining to Britain or England and the consulting room in the pharmacy are all such examples (Borg, 1998).1.2.1.4 Pharmacy in the 20th centuryThe Medical and clan Professions Ordinance of the Laws of Malta, governs pharmacy laws. This was enacted in 1900 as the laws governing the profession at that time had become outdated and needed restructuring. A legislation that allowed pharmacists to dispense plastered medicaments without a prescription was enacted in October 1955 and on the 12th October 1955, a list of these substances was produce in the Malta organisation Gazette (Borg, 1998).The Malta sleeping accommodation of Pharmacists was founded in 1900 in dress to protect the common interests of the pharmacists and likewise to maintain the professions dignity. Hence, the professions standards were raised by enabling the profession to keep abreast of the changes that were occurring internationally (Borg, 1998).In April 1961, an Extraordinary General shock was held by the Chamber to discuss the issue of forming a Trade marriage ceremony that would represent pharmacists all 33 pharmacists present agreed that this was necessary. One of the Unions objectives, among others, was to improve the conditions under which the profession was exercised and to promote the interests of pharmacists. The Pharmacy Board was set up in 1968 and this was the greatest achievement of the Chamber and Union. The Union worked very closely with the Chamber and in 1979 they formed one association, i.e. the Chamber of Pharmacists Trade Union. This association worked very hard and it affected the current state of the profession and overly the legislation governing the practice of pharmacy (Borg, 1998).In 1984, after several meetings with the Chamber, it was finally decided that new pharmacies ought to be owned by pharmacists and that before granting new permits, the population ratio has to be taken into consideration (Borg, 1998) .Patients could get their free medications from the Central Hospital Dispensary and Government Dispensaries throughout the first fifty years of the 20th century. The latter could be found in most villages around Malta. In 1954, the Central Hospital at Floriana was turned into the Headquarters of The Malta Police Force as by the late 1940s, St. Lukes Hospital became Maltas General Hospital. Hence, the Out-Patient Dispensary of St. Lukes Hospital became the Central Government Dispensary (Borg, 1998).Pharmamed, the first local pharmaceutical enterprise, was founded in 1974. This gave rise to several job opportunities in the industrial field, besides enhancing Maltas propose afield.In 1995, as a result of strong and consistent negotiations and representations by the Maltese Chamber of Pharmacists, there was the appointment of the first director of the Government Pharmaceutical Services (GPS). This was part of the reform of the GPS and the career progression of pharmacists in Governmen t service. It was concluded in 1998 in agreement with the Ministry of Health on the full slaying of the GPS reform.1.2.1.5 Pharmacy in the 21st centuryIn June 2007, Mater Dei Hospital replaced St. Lukes Hospital as the national hospital of Malta. The last of the personnel migrated to Mater Dei by November of that year. Hence, the main Government Dispensary was moved to Mater Dei as well 3.In 2008, the much awaited and debated dodge of the Pharmacy of Your Choice (POYC) was introduced. This Scheme enables the people to incur an easier and more comfortable access to the medicaments that are take a leakn for free by the Government.3 Mater Dei Hospital Malta. homepage on the Internet. 2009 cited 2010 Oct 23. Available from http//malta.cc/health-care/mater-dei-hospital-malta/Thus the service that was antecedently provided for by the village Health Centre Dispensaries was transferred to the community pharmacies. The patients chose the pharmacy of their choice. The initial stages of the POYC Scheme do not envisage any changes in the reimbursement system. Therefore, patients who are entitle to take free medication bequeath continue to do so there is no co- acceptment (Grima IC). Until January 2011, the POYC Scheme had spread to 96 Maltese community pharmacies and to 17 community pharmacies in Gozo. Following the introduction of the Scheme, the village Health Centre Dispensaries where the Scheme was initiated, were closed down after fitted time had elapsed.Over the departed few years, the chassis of local pharmaceutical manufacturing companies has dramatically increased. So has the number of locally licensed pharmaceutical wholesalers who import medications from EU countries. There are more pharmaceutical products registered with the local Medicines Authority. This has had a positive impact on both the private and in the public eye(predicate) pharmaceutical sectors due to the availability of more different healing(p) classes of medicines and more medicines that fall within the same therapeutic class (Grima IC).Recently, the number of generic medicinals in the private sector has too increased considerably. Nowadays, a pharmacist can substitute a branded prescribed medicinal with a generic product that is cheaper for the patient (Bugeja, 2007).Accession into the European Union in whitethorn 2004 had a great impact on the medicines in Malta, especially with regards to their availability. Some medicines that were previously addressable were not registered due to the high registration costs. Hence, EU entre improved the quality of medicines. On the other hand, it had a negative impact on their availability and affordability (Bugeja, 2008).The prices of medicines in Malta increased considerably after EU access in 2004. In fact, according to studies carried out, the Maltese are paying about 40% more than the average price for medicinal products in the European Union 4. In July 2010, the Parliamentary Secretary, Chris Said, announced reductio ns in prices of 62 medicines. Some of these reductions were to be implemented immediately whereas with others, when stocks were sold out. Many medicines in Malta are overpriced when compared to other EU countries, so this was a step in the right direction 5,6.1.3 Pharmaceutical CareIn 1990, Hepler and Strand looked at the responsibilities of the pharmacist and at pharmacy services in a new way. They applied the term pharmaceutical care and over the years pharmacists have endeavoured to develop pharmaceutical care practices (Foppe, Schulz 2006). correspond to Hepler and Strand (1990)4 Maltastar. The price of medicines in Malta under European Commission scrutiny. homepage on the Internet. 2010 cited 2010 Oct 27. Available from http//www.maltastar.com/pages/rl/ms10dart.asp?a=118045 Xuereb M. Makers cut prices of 62 medicines. Times of Malta serial on the Internet. 2010 cited 2010 Oct 27. Available from http//www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100703/local/makers-cut-prices-of-62-med icines6 Vella Matthew. Medicine importers agree to cuts in prices of up to 67%. MaltaToday serial on the Internet. 2010 cited 2010 Oct 27. Available from http//www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/medicines/medicine-importers-agree-to-cuts-in-prices-of-up-to-6Pharmaceutical care is the liable provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patients quality of animateness. These outcomes are (1) cure of a disease, (2) elimination or reduction of a patients symptomatology, (3) nab or slowing of a disease process, or (4) preventing a disease or symptomatology.In their definition of pharmaceutical care, Hepler and Strand looked at the patients quality of life (Strand et al, 1991). Pharmaceutical care involves a pharmacist cooperating with the patient and members of other health care professions 7. This interprofessional relationship allows the implementation, design and monitoring of a therapeutic plan that will have specific therapeutic outcomes for the patient to benefit from (Ford, Jones, 1995). Pharmacists are the last health care professionals to come in contact with the patients. They thus have a major role in educating them regarding drug use. For this reason, pharmacists must be adequately trained and have excellent communication skills in order to provide this service in an effective manner (Alkhawajah, 1992). Pharmaceutical care can therefore be seen as the component of pharmacy practice that has to be performed by a competent pharmacist who must be committed, honest, accountable and loyal to the patient (Strand et al, 1991).1.4 The Health Care System in MaltaMaltas health care system is divided into the public / national health care system and the private health care system in which pharmaceutical services are provided for by 211 pharmacies that are distributed around Malta and Gozo. The public / national health system is based on a model that is founded on the principles of Equity, Solidarity and Justice.7 American Phar macists Association. Principles of practice for pharmaceutical care. homepage on the Internet. 2005 cited 2010 Oct 12. Available from https//www.caremark.com/portal/assset/Principles_of_Practice_for_Pharmaceutical_Care.pdf1.4.1 The mankind Health Care SystemThe Maltese Government consists of different Ministries, one of these being the Ministry of Health, Elderly and Community Care. This deals with the healthcare require of the people and ensures that adequate services are provided for 8.The main goals of the Government for the public health services include 9The concern of the patient, which is a constant issueThe provision of health care and its managementThe value for moneyThe sustainability of public health care.The Maltese Medicines Authority controls and ensures the quality, safety and efficacy of the pharmaceuticals that are available locally. It also authorizes the medicines that are to be placed on the local market.The Government Health Procurement Services (GHPS) is resp onsible for the purchasing, storage and distribution of all the pharmaceuticals that are required by the Government Health Services (GHS) in Malta. This entity operates with the funds that are allocated annually by the Government. Procurement of pharmaceuticals is done via tendering procedures that are regulated by the Public Service (Procurement) and Public Contracts regulations.8 Government of Malta. The health care system in Malta. homepage on the Internet. No date cited 2010 Oct 25. Available from The Government of Malta, electronic network settle http//www.sahha.gov.mt/pages.aspx?page=1569 Integrated health information system phase 2. homepage on the Internet. 2010 cited 2010 Oct 24. Available from The Government of Malta, The Malta Information applied science Agency Web site https//www.mita.gov.mt/TenderFile.aspx?tfid=7271.4.1.1 Primary Health CareThe Government delivers primary health care via the Health Centres that are distributed around various villages in Malta and G ozo. These centres were set up in 1980 in order to provide free health care services 9. Besides providing the free services of general practitioners, these centres also provide a immense range of other services, includingSpecialist clinics eg gynaecological clinics and diabetes clinicsLaboratory diagnostic facilitiesRadiology.Many people choose to have the services of private general practitioners and / or specialists who work in the primary health care sector. In the private scenario, their services are against payment.1.4.1.2 Secondary and Tertiary Health CareThese are provided for by public and private hospitals, found in different locations in Malta. The main public hospital is Mater Dei Hospital and it provides a wide range of services, including transplant surgery, fan out heart surgery, emergency care and diagnostic services. Sir Paul Boffa Hospital, another public hospital, has an oncology and dermatology unit. Mount Carmel Hospital is the islands public psychiatric hospit al.There are a number of private hospitals in Malta, amongst which is Saint James Capua Hospital.9 Integrated health information system phase 2. homepage on the Internet. 2010 cited 2010 Oct 24. Available from The Government of Malta, The Malta Information Technology Agency Web site https//www.mita.gov.mt/TenderFile.aspx?tfid=7271.5 unload health services provided by the governmentThe Government provides free health services free at the point of delivery, as these are directly funded from general taxation. In Malta, the boundary between the private and public sectors can be seen from two different aspects medical and pharmaceutical (Wismayer, 2010).1.5.1 The Medical AspectThe healthcare is available to ALL Maltese citizens, irrespective of the social and financial background of the patient. eitherbody can turn up at a Health Centre or public hospital and be given the necessary treatment. Hence, up to a certain extent there is a holistic attitude as no distinction is made between c itizens and whoever requires a healthcare service is provided with what is needed (Wismayer, 2010).The seams start to show up when the services available in the public health system are not accessible. That sector of society who can afford to pay, will therefore have to seek the services from the private sector. A case in point is the long waiting lists for certain required procedures at Mater Dei Hospital.1.5.2 The Pharmaceutical AspectOne of the major tools to achieve good healthcare is to provide good pharmaceutical care. From this aspect, there is a clearer distinction between the private and public sectors.The Government offers free medications to a number of people who fall under different categoriesThe catalogue II Patients (Pink Card Holders)These fliers are issued from the Department of Social Security. They are accompanied by a pink form which bears the name of the pink card holder. The total household income is assessed and the entitlement is based on this. Each househo ld has one pink form that lists all members. However, every member of the household has his / her pink card. The pink form and pink card entitle their holders to free medication that is listed on the Government Formulary. Diabetics also have a pink card issued in their name.There are several faults in the administration of this system, as there does not seem to be a distinction between the strata of society, as is the case with some affluent people who are also in possession of a pink card. Also, no distinction is made between hospital in-patients and out-patients there is only one formulary for all. 10.The Schedule V Patients (Yellow Card Holders)If a person suffers from a medical condition that is listed under the fifth schedule of the Social Security Act, then he / she can benefit from this free service, irrespective of the financial position. Examples of these conditions includerespiratory conditionsCardiovascular diseasesMalignant diseasesSchizophreniaLiver diseasesCNS diseases 10.10 Ministry for Health, the Elderly and Community Care. Free medicinals. homepage on the Internet. No date cited 2010 Oct 12. Available from The Government of Malta, Web site http//www.sahha.gov.mt/pages.aspx?page=8When a patient is diagnosed with such a condition, he / she is referred to a Consultant by the General Practitioner. The Consultant applies for a Schedule V Card for the patient listing the required medications. Subsequently, the patient is issued with the Card from the Almoner Section at St. Lukes Hospital. People who possess a yellow card are only entitled to take the medications that are listed on the card for free. The list must be amended if the treatment is changed.The Government Hospital In-PatientsAny patient resident in the Government Hospitals is entitled to free medication. To date, there is only one Government formulary for all public hospitals. It would make more sense if each hospital had its own formulary due to the specialisation of the hospitals that varies accordingly. These formularies ought to be put together by the doctors who work at the hospitals and by the pharmacists who know what medications are available and which are best suited for the patients.Other people entitled to free medicines include amongst othersMembers of certain religious ordersInmates of charitable institutionsRefuse allurement employeesPrisonersPeople who are injured on dutyMembers of the Police Forces below the grade of Sub InspectorAFM personnel 11.11 Ministry for Health, the Elderly and Community Care. Free medicinals. homepage on the Internet. No date cited 2010 Oct 12. Available from The Government of Malta, Web site http//www.sahha.gov.mt/pages.aspx?page=1721.6 The Pharmacy of Your Choice SchemeThe Pharmacy of your choice Scheme (POYC) falls under the umbrella of the Health Division in Malta. The latter is under the portfolio of the Ministry of Health, the Elderly and Community Care. POYC is under the direct responsibility of the Permanent Secr etary of Health. The Scheme started in 2008 after several years of discussions and debates. It enables the people to have an easier and more comfortable access to the medicaments that they are entitled to take for free from the Government.The Scheme started in 2008 with an estimate budget of 460,000 and the actual expenditure for that year amounted to 366,000. In 2009, the estimate budget was of 400,000 and that for 2010 was of 1.5 million. The 2011 budget allocated 1 million to the Scheme apart from the additional 400,000 which had to be injected to strengthen the electronic system.The POYC pilot study started in December 2007 in two pharmacies in the Ghargur area. About 550 patients were registered in these pharmacies. Mgarr was next (one community pharmacy having virtually 600 patients), followed by Mellieha (three pharmacies having approximately 1500 pateints) in January 2008 and Naxxar in February 2008 ( Sant Fournier, 2008).Most community pharmacies enrolled in the POYC when the Scheme was introduced in their villages. For example, in the Mosta area, which includes Naxxar, St. Pauls Bay, Xemxija, Gharghur, Mgarr, Mellieha and Mosta, only one out of the 24 community pharmacies did not join in the Scheme due to lack of space (Zahra, 2007).With the introduction of the POYC Scheme, the village Health Centre Dispensaries were closed down after sufficient time had elapsed to allow for a seamless transition.1.6.1 Advantages associated with the POYC SchemeThe main scope of the POYC Scheme was to reduce the long queues at the Health Centre Government Dispensaries. Also, patients are monitored better by the community pharmacists who ensure that the medicines are taken in the correct way as more patient advice is given on a one-to-one basis when compared to the previous system (Zahra, 2007). Pharmacy practice in the community has always focussed on the establishment of an excellent patient-pharmacist relationship (Sant Fournier, 2007). This advice is lacking in th e public sector as the patients are given the medicines they require with haste, due to the large number of people waiting to collect their medications. venereal disease regimen advice is usually the only advice given. Many people used to turn to their community pharmacists anyway to seek advice and to solve any queries they may have had.With this Scheme, there is also a decrease in wastage because patients are not given the medicines if these are not required, despite the fact that they are entitled to them. Sant Fournier, the President of the Malta Chamber of Pharmacists, claimed that most patients have become more educated and as a result acknowledge the fact that medicines are not to be taken as a for granted privilege but must be used rationally (Borg, Bonello, 2009). The patients find it easier to confide in their habitual pharmacist rather than talk to someone who they do not know.1.6.2 Problems associated with The POYC SchemeAccording to Mario Debono, the then General Reta ilers Trade Union (GRTU) Pharmacy and Health Division President, this system has been a victor even though it would improve if more money is allocated by the Government and if it receives more attention (Borg, Bonello, 2009).As with any other recently introduced systems, there are flaws. Nevertheless, several efforts are being made to sort them out. The main problem that is associated with the POYC Scheme is the large number of medicines that are out of stock. This is causing unnecessary test on the pharmacists and patients. The latter have to go to a Government Health Centre Dispensary that is still open or to Mater Dei Out-Patients Pharmacy to get the medications that are not available from the Scheme. However, this out of stock problem is not the fault of the POYC Department but it has got to do with the purchasing system of the Government. In October 2009, Debono stated that a possible reason why such a large number of medicines is out of stock is that some suppliers have not been paid for their services. Shortages of certain medicines abroad could also lead to decreased stock levels (Borg, Bonello, 2009).The Government did not organise any educational campaigns for the general public regarding the implementation of the POYC Scheme, even though it was aware to do so (Sant Fournier, 2009). Hence, pharmacists were faced with several problems, including sometimes, heated arguments with their patients. It was recommended to have the campaign based on the one used for the introduction of the Euro in Malta, the Malta Euro Changeover Campaign.In October 2009. Reginald Fava, the then President of the Malta Chamber of Commerce, Enterprise and Industry, made new proposals to upgrade the POYC system which were estimated to cut at least a third of present consumption and abuse. He described the current POYC system as being obscene because according to him medicines were being collected even when they were not required by the patients. Fava suggested that patients o ught to pay for the medicines they require and will be reimbursed by the Government at a later stage. With this proposed system, the patients would also have the option to go for more advanced or more expensive medications as compared to their entitlement, and will only have to pay the difference in price. Hence, with this proposal, the POYC Scheme would be allowing superior medicines to be taken for free. It would also make the Scheme more sustainable as it would reduce the out of stock problem, be more cost-effective for the Government, reduce wastage and abuse. The Government would thus be saving on costs and would be in a better position to widen the National Formulary with more recent and advanced medications (Borg, 2009). At the moment, this is not possible due to financial constraints.The POYC Scheme affected the daily running of the community pharmacies. Due to the increased work load, some pharmacy owners had to employ further staff. The owners had to purchase a computer an d a printer for labels to be issued with every dispensed prescription. They also had to apply for internet service at the pharmacy. Also, some pharmacies had to make the necessary arrangements to increase shelving space to accommodate the weekly delivery of medicines from the POYC Department. Some pharmacies even needed to install another air-conditioning unit. Admittedly, the Government subsidized these expenses to a maximum capital expenditure of 6,990 (Lm 3,000). After the Memorandum of Understanding was signed, negotiations were held and the amount was capped at 9,000.According to an article on the The Malta Business Weekly that was published in November 2009, only the pharmacists who own the pharmacy are happy with this new system. The employed pharmacists have had their work load doubled, if not trebled. Hence, they do not give their patients the service that they used to give before the implementation of the Scheme (Attard, 2009).1.6.3 The Memorandum of UnderstandingThe very first document on the POYC Scheme was submitted to the Government by the Malta Chamber of Pharmacis

Developing High Quality Multimedia Products

Developing High Quality Multimedia ProductsIntroductionThe increasing development of computer acquisition including the weathervane design in par on the wholeel to the huge revelation of media has resulted to an increase in multimedia theme at the net overlap presented to the mathematical functionr (Martin Lynch, 2003). From this statement, we discharge forthwith see the classical role the multimedia is playing in our lives.We bath hardly find a business produce or a proficient application that does not contain a multimedia content at the drug drug user larboard level, in this paper we will be stating the best advance and methodology for Creating a high quality multimedia product with successful user interface.This methodology consists of including some important phases in the development process such as Quality assurance, risk management and validation and verification, in order to get a maximum quality product ( sherwood discomfit , 1998 ) and a content that is not uproarious. Further more, to reach this objective, developers are obliged to consider the Human Computer Interaction discipline, in order to get interactive computer schemas for serviceman use (Hewett et al, (n.d.)). Concerning the evaluation of the final product, the multimedia interface needs to be surveyd on its usability and its purity, simplicity and beauty (Martin, Bolissian pimenidis, 2003).To recapitulate what we fetch said above, multimedia effort is cladding many problems, such as upset , developers are obliged to follow the a methodology and take in a serious consideration the benignant computer interaction discipline in order to overcome the bug of Noisy multimedia product .MultimediaThe first question one whitethorn have when we talk about multimedia is, What is Multimedia ? Multimedia is, In short, the usage of different form of media put together in one seamlessly feature context. However, the definition of this word has been a problematic issue among scientists the artists see it as a means of expression, a way of transmitting the knowledge to the some others. Whereas technologists have outlined the word multimedia as a group of means that let the media to be obtained, represented, delivered and displayed. ( Mckerrow, 2005 ) . Multimedia has become a big essential part of our day-to-day lives, as concretely all types of information we exchange are categorized under multimedia from music to Tv to presentations to magazines to web sites. Multimedia development has been in permanent growth, this important field in the information technology incorporates expertise and knowledge from software engineering, business environment and the multimedia interface In other words, multimedia is involved in the fields of computers, communications and the media. Having defined multimedia, let us now talk about a key factor in designing high quality multimedia products.Human Computer Interaction ( HCI )Human Computer Interaction can be defined as the science concerned with the plan and design , evaluation and implementation of computer systems that have user interface (Hewett et al, (n.d.)). The multimedia user interface has a real important role in deciding whether the multimedia content has been successful or not, because if the interface is usable and elegant the multimedia application will be achieving a big part of its objectives , such as being noiseless.Evaluation of multimedia productsAs multimedia is a vast domain and is involved in all domains, the evaluation of multimedia applications has never been an easy task, there are different aspects to scene at when measuring the success of any multimedia application, for instance, the designer has to look to the business aspect and see whether his product is still demanded by customers, and does his product still meet all the requirements. In the visual design or web sites, success lies under the leanness concept (Martin, Bolissian pimenidis, 2003).The eva luation of multimedia product is hard and needs a organise poser, one should follow the coming framework to get his product tumesce evaluated Does the project accomplish the task was designed for ? Is the user happy with it ? Is the application reliable ? Is the application complete ? Can the user interact with the application in the best manner ? Can the system respond to any sudden changes ? Are the users served with only the exact requested information ? Can the system respond to all the stakeholders requirements (Martin, Bolissian pimenidis, 2003).Another important notion in the evaluation of a multimedia product is the term Quality Of good ( QOS ). With the Quality Of Service we can measure how high quality is the multimedia application. According to Vogel et al ( 1994 ) Quality of service is those parameters of a multimedia application that regulate the presentation of the content of the multimedia system to the user. In short, Quality of service is the customers tri umph with the multimedia product.To sum up, The evaluation of the multimedia application and the Quality of service, which shows the users satisfaction with the product, are very important for the developers to design a high quality multimedia systems.NoiseNoise is the first enemy of multimedia products producers, as it is very hard to control and it is unexpected problem. To ensure that our multimedia application is not noisy or to get a high quality product we, as developers, have to follow a structured methodology for multimedia systems development. Before we get into this methodology, let us see what noise is, and what existing declarations are to have noiseless multimedia content.In general, noise is known in the electronic and telecommunication field, when transmitting some data in a telecommunication system using a wire, we call any loss of data that may occur, Noise. The fraction of information to be sent is ciphered and then sent to its destination ( the user for instance ) when it is received the data is deciphered and then read, any difference between the source message and the resulted message is due to the data loss and it is called Noise . To make sure that the data received is the same as the original one, computer programmers have added some codes that detect and correct errors to the original message (Martin Lynch, 2003). This consequence seems to be effective and successful as it is still being used by telecommunication peoples and networking programmers. and what about Noise in multimedia ? ? ? which is more complicated to get rid of.In multimedia information systems and multimedia product, Noise can be defined as any inappropriate piece of information or content that is received by the user with regard to the content, structure of display, time of display, accuracy and in functionality and navigation. Basically , Noise occurs when the usability rules are not taken in consideration (Martin Lynch, 2003).Having defined noise, now, devel opers need to have a scale so that they can know at what extent their products are noisy or are noiseless, Martin Lynch,( 2003) have done it for us, Here is the recapitulation of their nice work At first, multimedia is involved in a wide context. To well evaluate multimedia product we need to consider users opinion and do not be satisfied only by the view of visual designers and human computer interaction (HCI) designers. To know how noisy your multimedia system is, you must know the profile and the requirements of all the stakeholders. The system should adhere to the usability rules required by the stakeholders in term of meeting the objectives the system was designed for, with consideration to the computing infrastructure and the location where the multimedia system is operating.The framework for evaluating Noise in multimedia productStakeholders does the system provide the users with only the neededinformation ?Visual design is the user interface nice?Usabilty is the multimed ia system easy to use ? education is the data given correct ? is it on time ? is it the neededinformation ?Fit with computing devices do the computing infrastructures give theresults needed with the needed expand ?Location do the infrastructures of the system work in all the places.The need for a methodologyto avoid Noise in multimedia products Multimedia industry is growing more rapidly than expected, high quality product and the gain of the users satisfaction has become now a prime consideration. To reach those objectives, developers must gain noiseless multimedia systems. Before, the problem was in the method of production and in the way of thinking of developers and designers, as they used to look to what is being developed or else than looking to how is being developed ( sherwood Rout , 1998 ) . Recently, Multimedia producers have defined a methodology for the development of the multimedia products which leads to a Pure and Simple interface that are noiseless . Devel opers can benefit from adopting this well defined approach and a rigorous methodology many advantages such as the quality of the product will be improved, and the staff will be guided and supported by templates and exemplars ( sherwood Rout , 1998 ) .Brief description of the methodology The structured approach explained above, can be a benchmark which will help in the increase of the productivity and the quality of the multimedia product ( sherwood Rout , 1998 ) .This methodology brings some innovating ideas and tools. It brings newfangled models of practice and it provides the staff of a multimedia project with templates and models which can be used to create a high quality multimedia products.This methodology, as Sherwood Rout ( 1998 ), have stated, includes six phases of multimedia developmentInitiation during this phase the general planning is done.Specifications during this phase they test the feasibility and the usability of the Project.Design during this phase the s takeholders are defined, and solution to perspective problems are found.Production during this phase the final product will be finalizing.Review and Evaluation during this phase a critical examination of the final product is done.Delivery and Implementation. during this phase the client is introduced to accept and sign the agreement to finalize the product.The power and the strength of this method is the incorporation of the quality assurance throughout all the development phases, which is a new way and very efficient one to get a noiseless product.Each phase of the previous ones, is separate into three main activities Development Management deal with legal issues and risk management Support quality assurance , validation and verification.Further Issues Well evaluate the multimedia product and well design it following a structured methodology, is the solution to design noiseless multimedia products. This is what we have given to the readers through this paper. just now the pro blem with this solution is it is just a theoretical process in which the successful result does not follow in all cases. Because in the practical world nothing is perfect, bugs and mistakes have always existed. So in multimedia world also nothing is perfect ( noiseless ).I suggest that instead than trying to develop noiseless multimedia products, developers should try creating applications in which noise is minimized. It is better for both the user and the producer.Conclusion The multimedia product has been evolving without cease in the last years due to the big importance of this field in the information technology. To have better multimedia systems, developers have to design carefully by including in this process many important points. The most important factor in designing not noisy multimedia product is to follow the structured methodology discussed above. Furthermore, producers or developers should think in the interface of the Human Computer Interaction and work out to develo p a usable interface and esthetic application. In my opinion, I see that if the usability rules are adhered, the developers will have a big step to reach their goal to create Noiseless multimedia application. But as we know multimedia is a vast domain and the main problem that developers are facing is The perfect noiseless multimedia product can be developed only theoretically, as in the practical world we, always have some unwanted and unexpected errors and bugs that make the system noisy.Now, its we who ask this question can we perform such applications in the real word ? ? ? .ReferencesHewett, Baecker, Card, Carey, Gasen, Mantei, Perlman, Strong and Verplank (2008), ACM SIGCHI Curricula for Human-Computer Interaction content available at http//sigchi.org/cdg/cdg2.html2_1Martin, S., Bolissian, J., Pimenidis, E., (2003) PURE and SIMPLE a framework for the evaluation of Multimedia products School of computing and technology, university of east London,UkMartin, S. and Lynch, J. , (2003) VISUAL a framework for the evaluation of visual noise in multimedia interface School of computing and technology, university of east London,UkMcKerrow, P., (2005) Teaching content creation with programing, IEEE computer society 2005, university of Wollongong, Australia.Sherwood, C., and Rout, T., (1998) a structured methodology for multimedia product and systems development, School of figuring and Information Technology, Griffith University, Australia.Vogel, A. Kerherv, B., Bochmann, G. and Gecsei, J., (1994) Distributed Multimedia Applications and Quality of Service, Universite de Montreal 1994, Canada.

Response to the Film William Faulkner: a Life on Paper :: Movie Film Essays

Response to the Film William Faulkner a Life on Paper term I was watching the documentary William Faulkner, a Life on Paper I found it striking how the contrasting people that were interviewed talked close two different sides of the author William Faulkner. His daughters, Jill Faulkner Sommers and his stepdaughter, spoke mainly most his intoxicant abuse and his moodiness whereas Faulkners contemporaries from Oxford underlined Faulkners generosity and kindness. The documentary shows Faulkner not only as gravel of Jill and his stepdaughter but also as a father figure for many others. He had to take care of several families at once. At one floor Faulkner had seventeen dependents to provide for. Many of the people that were interviewed describe Faulkner as being very generous and always willing to help others even when he had intimately nothing himself. iodin special example is his brother Dean who died in an airplane accident and because Faulkner had bought the plane he apparen tly felt guilty about the death of his brother for the rest of his life as his sister-in-law registers in the interview. The interviews with Faulkners daughter Jill and his stepdaughter show a different side of the Nobel Prize-winning author. Jill speaks about her father (whom she calls papi) and his alcohol habits in an objective, distanced way and seems to have accepted the fact that her father was a man who cared about many people, but sometimes would have walked on her. One incident she talks about struck me especially. She remembers that at a party her father was drinking once again and when she asked him to stop he said to her No one remembered Shakespeares child Even when we take the fact into account that he was drunk at that point, this seems to me a rather cruel thing to say to ones daughter. Other women, however, seem to have been of great importance in Faulkners life among them Joan Williams, a young, aspiring author from Memphis. Talking about her Jill Faulkner Sommers says that her father liked the idea of having a protg. Other women Faulkner seems to have been greatly attached to were his mother and his grandmother. Faulkner dedicated Go Down Moses to another woman he apparently cared about very much, the family mammy. The dedication runs To Mammy Caroline Barr, who was born in slavery and gave to my family a fidelity without stint or weighing of recompense and to my childhood an immeasurable devotion and love.

Plath’s Daddy Essays: Language in Plath’s Daddy :: Plath Daddy Essays

Language in Plaths Daddy   The speaker of Daddy dexterity be seen as our collective inner child, the voice of a world that has fallen a long way. There is an implied gain in the poem -- of catharsis, carrier bag -- but Daddy is fundamentally a poem about loss. The speaker has finally and irrevocably disabused herself of the notion of a recove reddish childhood, the dream of the irrigate off beautiful Nauset. There is no going back, back, back to some illusory idyllic existence, no way to make whole that pretty red heart the first oppressor in this poem is the unrealized past (You died before I had time--). The poem exemplifies this in its form, the nursery-rhyme sound, the ooh, ooh, ooh of the end rhymes, so jarring in transmission get out with its substance, its images of stark brutality. Childhood and innocence are corrupted herein by the inescapable internalization of wars, wars, wars. Conventional images have undergone a desecration Not paragon but a swastika not father but devil not husband but vampire. Language, rather than a means of connection, has become an obstacle, hold in the self (The tongue stuck in my jaw. / It stuck in a barb wire snare. Ich, ich, ich, ich . . . )Language, as a conveyor of images, is itself the subject of this poem -- the foot in line three is as often metrical as it is metaphorical, one could argue. Plaths Colossus, her apprenticeship in the Western poetic tradition, with this poem is junked in the freakish Atlantic, just another propel off oppressor. The language of this world has conveyed the speaker to a place of horrors obscene, it is An engine, an engine / Chuffing me off like a Jew. / A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen. In this sense, Plaths appropriation of Holocaust imagery, much castigated, must be seen as subsequent to that imagerys appropriation of her -- and, by extension, of us all. Plath demonstrates in this poem that the horrors of history are fundamentally personal, that human history is sim ply personal history writ large, that the brutalities of the age inform every childhood, that the notion of innocence is a sham, a game of cowboys and Indians, to use a less passing charged analogy, against a backdrop of the Trail of Tears.