The Power of Sympathy Essay - 1179 Words

In the typical slave narrative, the intentions are fairly known. The author has written with a certain willingness that would appeal to the reader emotionally. There is a message behind every tear, or in this case, every page. The slave narrative was used to give others an insight of what they had endured. Grabbing the reader’s sympathy, they also now had the reader’s support (wsu.edu). This reasoning could be seen in several narratives from that off Jacobs, Douglass, and Equiano. The theme of their slave narratives was generally to gain the sympathy of readers and promote their rights as humans. In the Narrative Of The Life Of Olaudah Equiano, Equiano starts right out in the beginning with his story. He starts out with introducing his†¦show more content†¦African Americans noted the hypocrisy that sometimes characterized white Christianity, pointing out the contradiction between Gods Word and slaveholders cruelty and inhumanity (docsouth.unc.edu). Having used one of the most common things around them, God, Equiano now was making a very bold statement. Not only was his statement heard, but Jacobs’ as well. Harriet Jacobs’ slave narrative was quite the powerful message as well. Not only was she speaking from the vantage point as a slave; Harriet had the task of speaking on behalf of female slaves. It was quite astounding that both slave narratives had almost the same sentence. In Jacobs’ In The Life Of A Slave Girl, Jacobs makes the statement that, â€Å"My mistress had taught me the precepts of God’s Word: â€Å"Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.† â€Å"Whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so unto them†Ã¢â‚¬  (Jacobs 283). This is now twice that these slave narratives have enticed readers with a biblical approach. This works well with grabbing their sympathy for their fight to freedom. The slave narratives are using the lessons they were forced to learn, by a religion they were forced to adopt, and now have noticed the ignorance and used it to their benefit. The bible teaches to love one another; however, those same Chri stians are involved in slavery. Giving the reader an even further insight through the eyes of a female slave just was the icing on a sympathy piece of cake—figuratively speaking. HarrietShow MoreRelatedThe Power of Sympathy990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Power of Sympathy The Power of Sympathy by William Hill Brown is a narrative to teach young ladies about the importance of education, the fatal consequences of seduction, and the proper instruction women should have. This narrative was written to scare women away from wayward love and more towards rational love. It gives us insight to the heartache of women who fell for wayward love and their consequences. Brown uses education, seduction, and the proper instruction forRead MoreHannah Webster Foster s The Coquette ( 1797 ) And William Hill Brown s The Power Of Sympathy Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesHannah Webster Foster’s The Coquette (1797) and William Hill Brown’s The Power of Sympathy (1789) are epistolary novels that outline the inevitable perils and consequences (for women) of carelessly becoming a victim of male seduction. These provocative novels allow readers to enter a sexual private sphere of society, one that may have been deemed taboo, through letters depicting the art of seduction. Women were expected to subscribe to the societal expectations of appropriate female behavior. InRead MoreEssay about Comparing The Awakening and Their Eyes Are Watching God793 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking at many novels the reader tends to look at whether or not the author has sympathy with the characters. Within the two stories The Awakening and Their Eyes Were Watching God, the author has sym pathy for one of the characters but not the other. The two stories both have main characters that struggle with their own existence in life, but in The Awakening the author had more sympathy for Edna. In Their Eyes Were Watching God the author tends to be non-sympathetic toward all the male charactersRead MoreEssay about Sophocles Antigone: A Great Tragedy1073 Words   |  5 PagesPolyneices to conquer Thebes, and his attempt is a utter failure. Polyneices decision to attack Thebes dramatically alters the future course of Thebes. Polyneicess attack removes Eteocles from power and promotes Creon to power. Creon believes he is acting in the best interest of the state by establishing his power as king of Thebes. Creons decree preventing any citizen from mourning or burying Polyneices is establishing his authority. Creon creates this edict because of Polyneices traitorous actsRead MoreEssay on The Crowing of Richard the Third and the Turning Point904 Words   |  4 PagesIII ma rks the turning point from his rise into power to his demise. Up until he becomes king, Richard is the underdog – albeit, a ruthless and evil one. Thus far, the entire play has been focused on Richard’s attempts to assume power and seize the throne. However, once he becomes crowned King Richard, the focus of the play shifts to Richard’s attempts to maintain power and hold the throne. Essentially, the challenge for Richard is no longer gaining power, but keeping it. It is this new struggle thatRead MorePresentation of Phaedra and Nurse in Hippolytus982 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves and are portrayed as virtuous people, yet the contrast is their different perceptions of being virtuous. Yet sympathy wise Phaedra attracts a lot more sympathy than Nurse as Euripides portrays as the start of the play how these events are completely out of mortal control yet the characters reactions to them isn’t. Therefore when Phaedra starves herself we, the audience, feel sympathy as she is feeling unwanted passion for Hippolytus that she can’t control. So the only way for it to end in her eyesRead More Cause and Effect Essay - The Causes of America’s Social Problems1016 Words   |  5 Pagesapathy, and greed. The ultimate remedy for social problems therefore must confront all three root causes. It does little good to just run down the street shouting share the rent! or stop war!. Uttering a slogan does no good unless it arouses sympathy. As an example of the interplay between ignorance, apathy, and greed, consider the problem of pollution. Suppose the most efficient preventative is a pollution charge based on the damage caused by each pollutant. However, the government regulatesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Vs. Othello1006 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause Iago causes his fall, not his own actions. In Macbeth, by Shakespeare, Macbeth is told by three witches that he will one day rise to power and become king. Macbeth decides to believe the witches, and all of the prophecies they tell him throughout the tragedy. Macbeth kills King Duncan, his best friend, and other innocent people in order to gain power and remain king. Macbeth is killed by Macduff at the end of the play, when the â€Å"forest† of Birnam walked to his castle. In Othello, by ShakespeareRead MoreExplore Shakespeares Presentation of the Three Great Leaders: Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Through the Changing Fortunes of Acts Iii and Iv. Explain How the Balance of Audience Sympathy Shifts1721 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the scenes depicting the Battle of Actium, Shakespeares presentation of Octavius Caesar, Mark Antony and Cleopatra cause the balance of audience sympathy to change between the three great leaders. Audience sympathy never lies by any real amount with Caesar, and in Acts III and IV, the audience feels increasingly alienated from him. This is largely due to his calculated, ruthless style of leadership, which becomes more evident during the battle. Caesar judges wisely, and is successful becauseRead MoreThe Nature Of Human Nature900 Words   |  4 PagesPeople are capable of sympathy by nature and its enables social unity, in other words identity. But to be clear, the word sympathy in Smith’s work is used not as a moral sixth sense but more in the way of modern empathy. Empathy as an ability of willingness to relate relates someone’s feelings/emotions and experience similar perceptions. In the theory by nature design human beings are looking for common backgrounds because they want to share fellow feelings since mutual sympathy is pleasurable. Moreover

My Goal Of Becoming An Accountant - 876 Words

The beauty of accounting is that there is always a precise and accurate response to every problem. It tells a story that helps companies make accurate decisions. Ever since I took my first accounting class, I knew I wanted to be an accountant. I enjoy working with numbers, reaching exact solutions, and the critical thinking that goes along with it. Since accounting is the basics to any business and organization, it can help launch different opportunities. I chose to be an accountant because of all the possibilities I have of succeeding. The steps to achieve my goal of becoming an accountant are to first apply to the Coles College of Business, then getting an internship or co-op, and finally receiving my accounting degree from Coles College of Business. Applying for Coles College of Business is the first step in achieving my goals. I need to first finish my two year of general education, and I need to have an adjusted GPA of 3.0 or higher to be accepted. Once accepted into Coles College of Business, I would like to major in accounting. I know that I will be well prepared for my major with classes offered in Coles College of Business like: Accounting Data Analytics, which teaches me how to use analytic tools such as Microsoft Access and other data analysis software, and Auditing and Assurance, which helps me understand audit theory, attestation, and assurance services (Courses). I do, however, need to make improvements in my writing and communication skills. In accounting, IShow MoreRelatedBecoming A Certified Public Accountant1720 Words   |  7 Pagesremember, my main goal in life was to always enjoy it. I have come to the realization that I am a simple man with simple needs. Through my past life experiences, I have determined th at to obtain a comfortable lifestyle I will have to be employed in a career that is secure, but also a career that I enjoy. Deciding on a career is a personal and difficult problem for young people, however I believe my solution to this problem is to become a certified public accountant (CPA). In my Freshman Seminar, my professorRead MoreInternship at Accounting Firm X: A Personal Reflection1281 Words   |  5 PagesDuring my time at Accounting Firm X I learned many lessons that apply not only to accounting and the principles and practices associated with that subject, but also to life as a professional in a real world work setting. The purpose of this essay is to highlight my experiences at Accounting Firm X to shed light upon key learning experiences that can contribute to a holistic educational experience. In this essay I will first describe my goals and expectations. Next, I will go in to detail about my dailyRead MoreAccountants Earn On Average Of 67,190 Annually, According718 Words   |  3 PagesAccountants earn on average of 67,190 annually, according to the U. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Average growth rate in the field is 11%, surpassing other job rate growths. As long as the economy continues to expand, accountants will always be in demand. Businesses expand, new businesses are established, and the need for competent accountants grows. (Dept. labor) Within the accounting field, there are different career options, including public accounting, private accounting, and auditing. I aim toRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Favorite Club1265 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluenced by his parents and the environment around the child. My high school experiences and my family have greatly influenced my life in a way by providing many different opportunities for me to explore and have a clear understanding of myself and which career path I want to pursue in. In high school, I’ve participated in many different clubs involving arts, science, and business. Out of all the clubs I have been part of, DECA was my favorite club. DECA was a great opportunity for me to learn moreRead MoreBecoming a Cpa1010 Words   |  5 PagesBecoming a CPA Accounting is the study of how businesses track their income. Identify business goals and activities; describe the role of accounting in making informed decisions, the uses and organization of financial performance over an accounting cycle. Accountants engage in a wide variety of activities besides preparing financial statements. They spend a lot of time learning how to make the business profitable. Therefore, an accountant is perfectly positioned to become a Chief FinancialRead MoreThe Career Field Of A Forensic Accountant Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagescollege. The following information informs you about what must be done in order to become a Forensic Accountant and how life is as a Forensic Accountant in today’s society. Introduction I was asked to research a job in the career field I plan to work in after graduating, then write an informal report on the information I gathered. The job I chose for my report is a Forensic Accountant. A Forensic Accountant is when one uses accounting skills to investigate fraud or embezzlement and to analyze financialRead MoreWhy Should You Choose Accountancy1408 Words   |  6 PagesCAREER GUIDANCE: ACCOUNTANCY By: CARLITO G. GABRIEL, JR., CPA [Seven years ago, I was then a part of a career guidance like this. During that time I was not yet sure of what course to pursue in college. The career guidance was a great help in my decision to pursue BS – Accountancy. Maybe, most of you are not decided yet. Believe me this career guidance will help you. Let us thank Sir Edgar for this great opportunity. [Before we proceed, how many of you are planning to pursue accountancy?] MentionRead MoreMy Career Pl Paulo Coelho1673 Words   |  7 PagesMy Career Plan As Paulo Coelho puts it, â€Å"When you want something, the entire universe conspires in helping you to achieve it†. The moment I read this line in the book The Alchemist, I thought it did not make any sense. However, I later realized that what this quote means for me is that when I decide what I want, I just go for it. It took me some time to realize I wanted to be an accountant. I first had to learn about my weaknesses and strengths before knowing what career was right for me. My loveRead MoreIndividual Research Project : Cpa1055 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Project: CPA What is a CPA? A CPA is a certified public accountant whom is licensed by the state board of accountancy. A CPA licenses just as a law license symbolizes that concept of mastering the elements of the profession of accounting. In achieving such a licenses an accountant is recognized by peers, clients, government and the public for skills, dedication and quality of work. Accountants whom further their educations by becoming a CPA have a larger variety of opportunities to choose fromRead MoreBusiness Intelligence, Accountant, And Marketing Intelligence879 Words   |  4 Pages I am a student at Bryant and Stratton College working towards his bachelor in the business field. I haven’t yet decided what I want to use my degree to accomplish or what career I see myself attaining in my future. As I conducted my research on my three professions, I have discovered that I would like to be a business intelligence analyst, accountant, or maybe even a marketing manager. Business intelligence analysts are important to the business field. They are responsible for producing financial

Lives Of The Saints Essay Example For Students

Lives Of The Saints Essay Lives of the Saints Lives of the SaintsLives of the Saints is a story that examines the complexities and tribulations of everyday life in a small town.Throughout the novel, we discover that even the most trustworthy and caring individuals live secret lives behind closed doors, and that the surface appearance of minor communities can be very deceptive.Some people spend their entire adult-lives trying to knock down these doors and discover the truth, but perhaps they are overlooking the key to the lockour children. Vittorio Innocente is a young boy who has not always lived up to his name.My attendance at school had not been very regular-it had somehow fallen out that Id spent much of class time wandering up to the top of Colle di Papa or down to the river with my friend Fabrizio, sharing with him the cigarettes he filched from his father.La Maestra had paid a visit to my mother one afternoon, to advise her of my truancy and vices. (9).We find that Vitto is trying to turn around his poor school habits, and has been trying to read through a novel called Principi Matematici, but to no avail.As he sat stranded on page three of his mathematical conquest, he was overcome by a wealth of distractions.The golden sun was shining down on him that day, or so it seemed, for as he was drifting off to sleep the muffled shout of a man shattered what would appear to be his last enjoyable day; at least for a long time. Childhood can be a fragile thing.It is commonly believed that children see the world through different eyes.Everything seems fresh and interesting to them, where we become saturated with the details of our everyday lives.The eyes of Vittorio Innocente act as a safeguard, seemingly protecting him from truth and danger that he cannot see.Since the incident with the snake, Vittorio had noticed that his mother had been keeping to herself, working in the garden.However, he could not understand what was wrong with her, and could not figure out why the household seemed so empty.A veil seemed to have fallen between us, and for a while I had nursed this estrangement like a precious wound I could somehow turn to advantage; but the passing days brought only a growing awkwardness, as if my mother and I had suddenly become strangers, with no words now to bridge the silence between us (74).Vittorios safety-goggles also help him when the gang of boys invite him up to the mountain.He cannot see the danger that has befallen him.Luckily, his friend Fabrizio saves him just in time, and proves that he is a true friend. Unfortunately, to every advantage there are a few disadvantages.When Fabrizio saves Vitto on the mountain, he doesnt understand what has happened.I felt myself flush with anger and hate, hate for Fabrizio, my only friend, who seemed suddenly stupid and useless beyond all bearing (127).Eventually, as Vittorio makes his progression towards maturity, he realizes that he had underestimated his friend, and they become closer because of it.As the old saying goes, ignorance is bliss.But perhaps in the case of this young boy, it isnt.Maybe if he had been able to understand the severity of the problem his family was in, he would have acted differently. Lives of the Saints also deals with the contrast of good and evil, something that Vittorio comes across on numerous occasions throughout the story.(There are far more characters in this story then I could mention on these pages, so I will write about the people who had the greatest effect on Vittorio).His encounter with Luciano of Rocca Secca is one of the key elements in the book.For his seventh birthday, Vittorio and his mother travel to Rocca Secca to buy him some birthday presents.On their way towards the market, Cristina meets a tall, muscular man that Vittorio has never seen.The man (Luciano) carries him piggyback down to a secluded area of town, and takes a large one-lira coin out of his pocket.Luciano tells him the story of how he picked it up during the war, and how it saved his life.Vittorio is surprised when Luciano gives him the coin as a birthday present, and tells Vitto that it will bring him good luck. .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .postImageUrl , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:hover , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:visited , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:active { border:0!important; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:active , .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f1dbfce98189feedc06711b7ac26fcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breaking Up (Online or Not) EssayFor years, La Maestra had been a name that struck fear into the hearts of children in Valle de..l Sole.She had a particular dislike for Vittorio because of his behaviour in class, along with his constant absences.But when his mothers affair becomes common knowledge around the town, La Maestra feels pity for the young boy.Knowing that the older boys are after him, she asks him to stay after school and sweep the floors or do other chores in the classroom.Eventually, their silent friendship grows to that of a mother-son relationship.Seeing that Vittorio has changed his classroom habits, La Maestra begins reading him stories from a book called Lives of the Saints.It is filled with the stories of many saints and the good deeds they had done.Vittorio likes the book so much that he brings it home with him sometimes, fascinated with the tales.On the day before he leaves before America, she gives him the book to keep.I hope youll live by it, she says.I hope youll follow their example(172). Without a doubt, the most loyal and caring person in this story (excluding his mother) is Fabrizio.Throughout the novel, we see that Fabrizios life is not an easy one.He comes from one of the poorest families in the community, and his father, being an alcoholic, beats him regularly.Despite his dismal home life, he still manages to act cheerful and friendly around Vittorio.The defining moment in their friendship is when Fabrizio saves Vitto from the gang of boys on the mountain.Fabrizio willingly sacrificed himself for the sake of Vittorios safety, throwing his body into an angry mob of bigger and stronger boys.Perhaps it is his experiences with his father that made him so tough and courageous.In any case, Vittorio never really appreciates his loyal friend until his last day in Valle del Sole, when Fabrizio gives him his most precious possession, his jackknife.They become spit brothers and vow that they will meet again someday in America. The element of evil has not been left behind i n the text.We find it on nearly every page, lurking in the shadows of every crevice Vittorio uncovers.It first comes in the form of a blue-eyed stranger, who shatters Cristis innocence, and conceivably the innocence of Valle del Sole.We later find evil in the local women who spread gossip around town and look at Vittorios family with disgust.The final (and most important) element of evil is found on the ship, while heading towards America.Its name is Dr. Cosabene, who is a victim of alcohol.After being introduced to the doctor at the last meal, Vittorio and his mother took an immediate disliking to him; he seemed to ask too many questions.I didnt mean to upset la signora- but I wonder why a woman in her state would travel?Why not wait another month or two, and have the baby at home?(211).After the large meal, the doctor remained in the dining hall with his own bottle of wine and found a spot on a couch to lie down.He seemed to be accustomed to having storms on the ship, and refused to return to his room.A few hours later, when Vittorio comes rushing back for the doctor to tell him of his mothers pains, he is uninterested. My mother wants you to come, says the young boy.Leave me alone, replies the doctor in a drunken stupor. Youre that womans son, arent you, the pregnant one who thinks shes a princess (221).When the doctor is finally convinced to check up on Cristina, he only makes matters worse.Upon his arrival in Vittos room, Cristina notices his condition and says:You smell-like a liquor factory (225).He takes no notice of these remarks, showing no concern for the life of the baby or Cristi.Although he manages to deliver the baby, we find that Vittorios mother has died during the night due to excessive bleeding.Dr. Cosabenes ignorance has brought death and pain to a family that has been reduced to two, a young boy and his little sister. .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 , .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .postImageUrl , .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 , .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8:hover , .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8:visited , .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8:active { border:0!important; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8:active , .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8 .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u216a70fe2692650d0874dbdd21795ea8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mahatma Gandhi EssayVitto will no longer have a normal life.He has no mother or father.He has no money, and he has nowhere to live.Consequently, he has a newborn child to look after.Where has his childhood gone?It looks as though the doctor has taken it from him, and he will never get it back.One thing remains certainVittorio Innocente will never look through the eyes of a child again.

Taoism History Essay Example For Students

Taoism History Essay Word Count: 594Lao-Tse a contemporary of Confucius founded Taoism.Lae-Tse was looking for a way to avoid the constant warfare and other conflicts that disrupted life during his lifetime. As a result he wrote the book: Tao-te-Ching which contains Taos teachings. Taoism started as a combination of psychology and philosophy and then evolved into a religion that shaped chiness life for more than 2000 years. In 440 Ce it was adopted as a state religion. During that time Lao-Tse became know as a diete. Taoism became one of the three great religions of China along with Buddhism and Confucianism. Taoism ended in 1911 at the end of the Ching Dynasty. Much of the Taoist heritage was destroyed during the next period of warlorism. Religious freedom was highly restricted after the communist victory in 1949. We will write a custom essay on Taoism History specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now BELIEFS AND PRACTICESTaoist believe that Tao is the force that flows through out all life, therefore everyones goal in life should be to become one with Tao. They seek answers to lifes problems through meditation and outer observation. The Tao surrounds everyone and therefore everyone must listen to find enlightment. Each person must nurture the Chi or life force that has been given to them. Taos believe in Yin and Yang: Yin is the breath that formed the earth and Yang is the breath that formed the heavens. They symbolized opposites, good and evil light and dark male and female. The Taoists also believe that the five main organs of the body correspond to the five parts of the sky. Water, fire, wood, metal and earth. Taoists are kind people because they believe actions are recipicated. One should plan in advance before each action. The developement of virtue is important. The 3 jewels to be sought are compassion moderation and humility. Taoists follow the art of wu wei which is to ach ieve action through minimal action. Taoists believe that people are companionate by nature and left to there own they will show compassionTaoism as a philosophyThe way of the world was ordered, controlled and directed by The Way, by the Tao. The ethics of the Tao is of great nonaggression and non meddlesome action. The god of Tao is not manlike it is the Way of Heaven and earth, not a personal creator and ruler of heaven and earth god is not something out of this world but something in it. The creative process and direction of the world. It is the basic way of nature to move toward peace, prosperity, and fulfillment. If it were not for men and the wickedness of devils all would be well in the world as is the way of the universal nonpersonal ultimate power-Tao. Tao affirms the worlds nature coarse. Tao is the glory of this world as seen in the flight of a bird or the blooming of a flower. Tao means to live and act in a way that there is no interference with the natural way things should go. Tao is the power behind all spirits and souls all things and events. It gives as to how people should relate to each other. If the way is followed a good life, happiness, tranquility will come naturally. Not by Heavens rule but by natures way. Feel the wind and go with it, see the sunset and be enchanted by it. Do not try to create order but surrender to it as it moves in Yin and Yang.

So Cool Essay examples

So Cool Essay examples So Cool Essay examples By the year 1763, the relationship between the US colonies and Britain was strained at best. The people of America began to increasingly see themselves as independent people. During this time period, the British tried desperately to hold onto their investments in North America. They enforced new restrictions and taxes meant to subdue the restless colonies, who responded with new values and ideals that led to the eventually separation from Britain. By 1763, Britain had enforced several taxes in hopes of bringing the colonies back under their full control. This turned about to be a big mistake as it just encouraged the colonists to renew their struggle for complete independence. Around the same time, the French Indian war was coming to a close, and Britain was struggling with money. Both the Sugar and Stamp Acts were passed by Britain’s government, leading to higher taxes on sugar, molasses, and paper products. During this time the Sons and Daughters of Liberty were forme d and began the motions for an independent nation. Another act was eventually passed that pushed the tension to a breaking point. The Tea Act led to the call towards revolution. All in all, the British plan to gain control of the colonies again through various taxes didn’t work; instead, it managed to further alienate the colonies from England and its allies. Further restrictions were also placed on the colonists in order to regain British control. An example of this is the Proclamation of 1763, which prevented colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. Another enforcement of the British was the Quartering Act, which had colonists housing British soldiers against their will. Americans slowly began losing their rights to the British rule. People were sick of having to bow down fully to the British crown. They began to shape their values towards independence, freedom, and equality. This led to a call to

Herodotus Historiography Essays

Herodotus Historiography Essays Herodotus Historiography Essay Herodotus Historiography Essay Even though in the text we often read Herodotus saying things like, in their view or this according to the Persian account was we cant help but question the reliability of it or whether he wrote it from a bias point of view, while, yes, Herodotus may have written it from many point of views and necessarily a bias one there is always the chance that he was influenced by someone or something to take a side and record the stories in one persons or in one groups favor. The reliability of the source can also be questioned greatly as Herodotus says, l prefer to rely on my own knowledge While he may acknowledge the fact that he was relying a lot on his own knowledge when It came to writing this text, his own knowledge may have become very limited at some points or if he was writing from a bias point of view, may have again favored one group of people.

The New Media, and New Forms of Communications Essay

The New Media, and New Forms of Communications - Essay Example According to studies, over sixty percent U.S households have a personal computer and more than fifty percent have access to internet. Considering this spread of modern communication devices, it seems necessary to look into their effects on communication and other social spheres. This study intends to look into various scholarly works on the issue ranging from the positive and negative impacts of modern means of communication on society, especially on young ones. The Positive Side of Modern Means of Communication There are various advantages of the use of these modern means of communication according to scholars. In the opinion of Matusitz (2007), it is the best way of communication for the people who are intimidated by others’ expression. According to him, people who are generally shy and reserved in face-to-face interaction tend to communicate naturally on internet (Matusitz). A similar opinion comes from Wakefield and Rice too; according to them, cyber communication is an ef fective way for those children who might not otherwise be confident to communicate. Another point as put forward by Matusitz (2007) is that internet helps conquer the geographical barriers too. ... An obvious benefit pointed out by Matusitz (2007) is that internet leads to the disappearance of the barriers erected by society and geography. It is evident that the people who do not have a chance to interact in their physical world can easily remain in touch through the modern means of communication. Thus, in the opinion of Wakefield and Rice (2008), by integrating internet with communication, students become able to share knowledge, personal perspectives, and experiences effectively. In addition, there comes the finding that the modern ways lead to more social interaction as people who spend time in the ‘digital realm’ tend to make tons of friends (Matusitz, 2007). Furthermore, there comes the finding that the development of virtual communities using modern means like internet helps improve the psychological wellbeing of people. This claim is based on the ideology that such virtual communities help sharing of interests, principles and beliefs. Thus, for those who fac e physical barriers, the virtual society gives a ‘sense of social interaction, and belonging’ (Matusitz , 2007). Almost the same notion comes from Wakefield and Rice; according to them, more and more youth are using internet as the main source of self-help. For purposes ranging from medical condition, support groups, and other issues that require emotional support, internet has become the best and easiest way. While other people work on the sociological and psychological benefits of modern means of communication, Janko (2002) looks into how the quality of information passed improves when modern means of communication are used; according to him, by using

Synesthesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Synesthesia - Essay Example Then, in 1704, a parallel was noticed between a musical scale’s notes and the colors of a spectrum by Isaac Newton, and Leibniz recounted the case of another blind man who understood scarlet by a trumpet’s sound. In 1710, another case of a blind man who had experiences of colored visions by responding to sounds was reported by an English ophthalmologist, Thomas Woolhouse. Castel noticed the same relationship as Newton in 1735 and built, presumably, the first color organ in the world. George Sachs developed the first medical platform for scientific reports on synesthesia in 1812, where he described his own experience with the condition in his PhD dissertation, and it was also the topic’s most approved account (Ward, 2008). He gave a report about his colored vowels, essentially about his albinism, and a depiction of colored hearing even though the significance was only retrospectively apparent (Duffy, 2001). In 1871, Gustav Fechner, who gave rise to the field of ps ychophysics, reported the first empirical study of the photisms of colored letters. By that time, however, there was still negligible interest in the subject, until Charles Darwin’s cousin, Sir Francis Galton, reported on people suffering from the condition and the attention grew considerably in the 1880s, especially in the scientific community. Researchers from the US, Germany, France and England carried out vigorous investigations on the topic, and this led the term synesthesia to be introduced by the American Scientist Mary Calkins. These early studies corresponded with psychology’s dawn in the field of science. It is believed that the pioneering international academic conference was held in March 1927 to objectively discuss synesthesia, presided over by George Anschutz in Hamburg, Germany. The second conference, also in Hamburg, was conducted in October 1930. The third was in October 1933 and the fourth, and last, in October 1936 (Hochel & Milan, 2008).

Health Care Project Essay Example for Free

Health Care Project Essay Team B has chosen prescription drugs for our health care reform project and how our current economic status is influenced. We will give ideas and solutions to show how to decrease the drug pricing. Ways that can be implemented toward a solution. Pharmaceutical company’s need to amend their business practices from a high profit, low development model to a moderate profit, moderate to high development model. Structures and regulation that will explain the competition, barriers to entry, and regulations. Taking a look at drug pricing from different perspective, like cost, research, and development, marketing, and the manufacturing of pharmaceutical drugs. The Monopoly of pricing who is involved, and the curves associated with it. Price discrimination how it changes who’s involved and what the criteria are for groups as well as pricing for individuals. How cost of co pays differ from brand names to generic and how the drug formulates come into play. How to make the system work for everyone that will amount to higher than just a 30-day supply, pharmacy assistance programs, local charity programs, and low income opportunities. Better ways to enforce existing legislation, vote in new legislation, and regulate prices across the board. The above affects the insured and non-insured American’s. For most American households, paying for health care to include prescription drugs and medical bills has been one of the hardest financial strains out there. According to a report published by (Consumer Reports, 2012), many have cut back on other household expenses or taken potentially dangerous measures with their health to afford their medications. The most affected population is the working-age Americans who do not have prescription drug insurance coverage. More than half of the people who completed the survey requested by Consumer Reports took one or more prescriptions had to reduce other household expenses or make changes in how the general population manage their finances. These reductions included how much they spend on their groceries, entertainment, activities with the family, and using their credit cards to purchase medications. The problem  was more severe with younger people than elderly people age 65 and older. â€Å"84 percent of them said they had to resort to such measures† (Consumer Reports, 2012) as previously listed. Prescription drugs or better yet the cost of prescription drugs is a discussion in the country of importance. The rise of the cost of prescription drugs is of important to many people in the United States and plays a huge role in the economics of health care. The elevated pricing of prescription drugs has become a focal point of politics and in need of some governance. Even though healthcare and prescription drugs are seen as a private sector issue, the discussion of some socialist measures put into place is a definite need for the economy. Some of those ideas include price-capping expensive drugs and even importing drugs from Canada. Healthcare and prescription drugs have been privatized; however, the government has a huge influence on them both. According to the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services, the government, including state, and federal, has contributed more the 2.7 trillion in 2011. This shows that we have hidden, or more politically correct, blurred the view of a socialist healthcare system. The currently health care system with health care reform has caused confusing for co nsumers. Many people are struggling to pay for the high cost of medication they are on. Some of the patients have to take a different type of medication, which is called alternative medication because their insurance denied paying for it in addition; the process to get approval from insurance takes longer time and more paperwork back and forth from doctors and insurance companies. In reality, health care consumers are the victims, they suffer from their medical illnesses, and they suffer for the high cost of prescription drugs. Health care reform in theory is helping more than forty million people to have health coverage, the demand curve shifts to the right. The important matter at the present time is the supply to cover that many people to have a quality care whereas the economy is gradually recovering. The unemployment rate is not changing much, it is still relatively high. When the prescription drug cost much of our income, seeking for other solution becomes a must do from consumers, they tend to dismiss their prescriptions or buying medication from online market, w hich may cause bad health than curing purpose.

Casey at the Bat in depth :: essays research papers

Strike Three   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America, and the world love sport; there are hundreds of types, but the one thing that links them all together is the emotion. For players and fans alike, the emotional involvement with the game is what draws them to it; and for Americans, there is one sport in particular that ignites their passion – baseball. Baseball has been called â€Å"America’s pastime† for a reason; the suspense, drama, and pride wrapped up in this game have captivated generations. The poem, â€Å"Casey at the Bat† effectively captures the emotion tied into the sport of baseball. â€Å"Casey at the Bat† is a poem about the last inning of a Mudville baseball game. The team is down two points, and the first two of their batters had already been sent back to the dugout. However, luck seemed to be on their side, the next two batters reached base, and the best hitter on the team was up to bat; Casey. The confident-cocky Casey let the first two balls go by; both were strikes. Then the last pitch came, the crowed held their breath as Casey took a swing; and to quote the poem, â€Å"but there is no joy in Mudville -- mighty Casey has struck out.† There are two distinct psychological personalities present in this poem; these emotional beings are the audience and Casey. The actions and words of both shed light on each others personality and mental state during that final, historical inning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First and foremost, nowadays attendance rates amongst professional baseball games can be in the thousands. When that many people are grouped together, the Murakami 2 emotion of the game can have an effect on the group’s mentality. The audience in â€Å"Casey at the Bat† is no different. When people are in large groups, they begin to think and act as the same as the people around them. When more and more people begin to conform, the group itself actually becomes a separate entity; an entity with its own opinions and emotions that can act as a separate character in itself. The audience in the poem begins the inning with a sense of optimism. As with any new inning, the crowd will always be hopeful; this can be inferred within the first and second stanzas. In the second stanza, it states that, â€Å"A pall-like silence fell upon the patrons of the game;† now in order for a let-down to occur, there must be some prior excitement, hence the optimism in the beginning of the inning.

S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc.

Steadfast commitment to the environment and spirit of innovation make S. C. Johnson & Son an outstanding achiever in employee and community relations (Tortorici, 2006, p. 1). This family-owned and huge manufacturer of consumer goods earned its worldwide success through focusing what is best for the employees, the environment and the next generation. As a corporate leader, it finds its way to international recognitions and accomplishments, by prioritizing the value of employees and community. Achievements earned in 2007 – worldwide sales grew to a record $61. 1 billion, an increase of 14. 6%, with operational sales up 11. 5%. Net earnings as adjusted of $12. 1 billion grew by 8. 6%. diluted earning per share were $3. 63 (Weldon, 2008, p. 3). In the year of 2006, a recent award was received from Ron Brown for corporate leadership and 2001 formulated the environmental classification system Greenlist. SC Johnson is fully committed to taking measures to safeguard the planet’s resources by utilizing environment-friendly materials. Johnson & Johnson is the world’s most comprehensive and broadly based manufacturer of health care products, as well as a provider of related services, for the consumer, pharmaceutical, and medical devices and diagnostic markets. The more than 200 Johnson & Johnson operating companies employ approximately 115,000 men and women in 57 countries and sell products throughout the world (Tortorici, 2006, p. 1). S. C. Johnson will definitely be my company preference since this organization provides opportunities for career advancement and professional growth. Its commitment to excellent employee practices such as its openness to diversity, training programs, cross-functional assignments and flexibility of work schedules makes it an outstanding workplace. According to Fortune Magazine, S. C Johnson is one of the 100 best companies to work for the year 2008. References Taylor, J. (2007, July 2). SC Johnson Web Site Features Company's Commitment to Doing What's Right. CSRwire. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.csrwire.com/News/9071.html Tortorici, F. (2006, January 11). Bayer Corporation, Johnson & Johnson and S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Honored By Presidential Award. Conference Board. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.conference-board.org/utilities/pressDetail.cfm?press_ID=2793 Weldon, W. (2008, March 12). 2007 annual report. Johnson and Johnson. Retrieved April 20, 2008 from http://www.jnj.com/investor/documents/reports/2007AR.pdf

The “math wars”

Aside from the requisites of drug manufacturing, a drug company must also have the knowledge on the legal aspect of the pharmaceutical business. A company must be able to know what agencies of the government he has to seek advice from before it undergoes the manufacturing process in order to have a good start.Relative to this, the company needs to know which regulates the safety and efficacy of the drugs to be manufactured and which agency protects the rights of the manufacturer and the consumers against illicit drugs.This paper will discuss the basic responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration and the Drug Enforcement Agency including the approval process of manufacturing a generic drug copy. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is generally responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of all drugs for human and veterinary use.FDA’s 1mission statement specifically states that the administration â€Å"is res ponsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. † This will then give us the idea why FDA need to regulate drugs, and that is to ensure that they are safe and effective. The administration is also held responsible for ensuring that the drugs have information that is honest and accurate for the general public to use.The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) (Drug Enforcement Administration for the United States) is primarily responsible for the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Laws and Regulations. In the United States, DEA is under the wing of the Department of Justice, where it serves as an arm of the justice against the 2those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illi cit traffic in the United States. The DEA’s drugs of concern include: Cocaine, marijuana, heroin, inhalants, LSD, Ecstasy, Steroids, Oxycontin and Methamphetamine.The following list of specific responsibilities is adopted by this writer from the DEA’s official website: >Investigation and preparation for the prosecution of major violators of controlled substance laws operating at interstate and international levels. >Investigation and preparation for prosecution of criminals and drug gangs who perpetrate violence in our communities and terrorize citizens through fear and intimidation. >Management of a national drug intelligence program in cooperation with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect, analyze, and disseminate strategic and operational drug intelligence information.>Seizure and forfeiture of assets derived from, traceable to, or intended to be used for illicit drug trafficking. >Enforcement of the provisions of the Controlled Substances Act as they pertain to the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of legally produced controlled substances. >Coordination and cooperation with federal, state and local law enforcement officials on mutual drug enforcement efforts and enhancement of such efforts through exploitation of potential interstate and international investigations beyond local or limited federal jurisdictions and resources.>Coordination and cooperation with federal, state, and local agencies, and with foreign governments, in programs designed to reduce the availability of illicit abuse-type drugs on the United States market through nonenforcement methods such as crop eradication, crop substitution, and training of foreign officials. >Responsibility, under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State and U. S. Ambassadors, for all programs associated with drug law enforcement counterparts in foreign countries.>Liaison with the United Nations, Interpol, and other organizations on matters relating to international drug control programs. DEA’S PROGRAMS AND OPERATIONS Drug Enforcement Agency also updates its programs and operations according to the demand of technology and the development of new methods of illicit drug operations. Recent report published in the KT4 Online alerted the public on the emergence of illegal websites that are bringing prescription drugs out into the market (KT4 Online, August 24, 2007).The DEA reported that such websites are able to market their products using just credit cards as payment modes. The agency now referred the so-called â€Å"rogue pharmacies† to the congress for the legislation of a more formidable law for such illegal and dangerous activities, which are regulated because such companies do not meet the standards set by the United States. Even medicinal or herbal plants that are not yet studied or regulated under the law is also under the responsibility of the DEA to study and made research relative to its danger in the human health.In Utah, a native plant called salvia divinorium, has been put into attention by the Hill Air Force Base which according to initial findings can cause hallucinations. In the report published in the Salt Lake Tribune, â€Å"magic mint† as its street name, is ingested or inhaled usually by the members of the military and the people inside the base (Salt Lake Tribune, August 20, 2007). The herbal plant is still legal as it is still under research by the DEA. Experts also say that the plant that grows in the wilds of Utah can cause lung irritation when its dried leaves are inhaled.LAWS AND POLICIES GOVERNING GENERIC DRUGS The regulations pertaining to generics drugs are under the responsibility of the Food and Drug Administration. Under the law, pharmaceutical companies or drug manufacturers have all the right to apply for a generic copy of their branded drugs. It can also be that a manufacturer seeks for a license from the brand name company to make a generic copy of the branded product . A generic copy of the drug is called â€Å"authorized generics† because the branded product manufacturer had given the authority to the manufacturer of the generic drug copy.However, these generic copied have to undergo the legal process that is regulated by the FDA. It is the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Waxman-Hatch Act, which is being used as a legal basis for FDA for regulating generic drug copies. â€Å"Since the law was enacted over 23 years ago, the number of generic manufacturers and number of generic drug products on the market have expanded exponentially† (Coster, John M. 2007). The law allows a generic drug that is a generic copy of the pioneer drug to be approved by FDA to be marketed by the same company.This is even without the submission of the usual New Drug Application (NDA) that is submitted in full when a branded product is being applied for marketing. The NDA is usually a time-consuming and expensive clinical trials required to be done by the drug manufacturer in order to comply with the safety and efficacy standards required of them. With the Waxman-Hatch Act, NDA is being replaced with the submission of Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) provided that the generic copy has demonstrated the fact that it is bioequivalent to the pioneer drug (J.Coster, The Pharmacist, Vol. 32, No. 6, 2007). This process allows the generic copy to be approved for marketing the easier and faster way because it does not to prove its safety and effectiveness through trials since the pioneer drug had already proven such. For the ANDA of the generic drug to be approved, its pioneer drug must have the four required certifications: (1) that no patent is listed for the pioneer drug; (2) that the patent has expired; (3) the date on which the patent will expire; or (4) that the patent is invalid or not infringed.Such information is listed in the FDA’s Orange Book, a reference for t he pharmacists in determining the interchangeability of the drugs. Just recently, the Waxman-Hatch Act has been replaced with 3McCain-Schumer Act, after its authors Senators John McCain and Charles E. Schumer. The main feature of the new act is the changing of the 180-day exclusivity term of the first generic drug copy to only the 30-day term. Exclusivity, in the old law is granted for the manufacturer of the generic drug to market the product exclusively within 180 days that is for the manufacturer who first secured the FDA’s approval of the generic copy.With the new law, exclusivity term is shortened for the purpose of further price reduction of the generic drugs as competition is encouraged after the 30-day term. It is estimated, according to Schumer’s study that the new law will enable consumers to save 60% of their usual expense when buying branded drugs and that will give consumers a total of $71 billion savings in 10 years (Bash, Dana, CNN Online, May 01, 2001). Schumer cited Claritin, a prescription allergy drug as example which costs an average of $63. 65 while its generic equivalent will only cost $25. 46.Generally, the new law is of great help for the Americans in terms of their medical expenditures. CONCLUSION By looking into the basic responsibilities and functions of the FDA and DEA, we were able to have an idea of the basic legal aspect of drug manufacturing and marketing. Also by having an overview of the laws governing generic copy manufacturing, we were able to have the basic knowledge of how the approval process rolls. In general we can conclude that the legal process of drug manufacturing and marketing is really a long and expensive process for the companies especially for the branded or patented drugs.However with the Schumer-McCain Act, the process is shortened and had benefited especially the consumers for enabling the cheaper version of their branded medicine to be marketed. REFERENCES 1FDAs Mission Statement. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. fda. gov/opacom/morechoices/mission. html 2DEA Mission Statement. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. usdoj. gov/dea/agency/mission. htm 3Senate Passes Ground-Breaking Schumer-McCain Generic Drug Bill (Press Release). July 31, 2002. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://schumer. senate. gov/SchumerWebsite/pressroom/press_releases/PR01124.html Bash, Dana. McCain, Schumer introduce generic drug bill. CNN Online. May 01, 2001. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://archives. cnn. com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/05/01/senate. genericdrugs/index. html Coster, John M. The Waxman-Hatch Generic Drug Law: 23 Years Later. The Pharmacist. June 19, 2007. Vol. 32 No. 6 Griffith, Christopher, et. al. (2002). View from Washington: Senate approves changes in generic-drug approval. Leydig, Voit Mayer, Ltd. Report. October 2002. Volume 3 Issue 4 Colonel bans use of ‘magic mint' herb. Salt Lake Tribune. August 20, 2007. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http ://www.sltrib. com/News/ci_6668009 Federal Authorities Warn Against Online Rogue Pharmacies. KT4 Online. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. ktiv. com/News/index. php? ID=16295 What FDA Regulates. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. fda. gov/comments/regs. html There has always been a debate on whether the mathematics be taught should be the old basics or the standards reformed mathematics. Basic mathematics primarily comprises arithmetic and computation. This is just simple mathematics which involves solving simple equation and memorizing formulas.Basic mathematic also comprises the following list t o f items. There is the accurate counting to 100 or more, mastery of basic facts for all four operations, pencil and paper computation skills with hole numbers, decimals and fractions and solving percent problems. Other aspect includes the knowing and using formulas for area and perimeter of basic shapes. Though the above list is a bit simplified its basic position i s that kids only get to know some basic stuff. Basic mathematics can also be referred to as trivial pursuit mathematics meaning that children are to know the content not the practicability (John, 1999).On the other hand reform mathematics has higher level of difficulty and has set five goals. These are that students should value mathematics, be confident in the ability to do mathematics and become mathematics problem solvers. They should as well be able to communicate well mathematically and learn to reason mathematically. It involves the four basic process standards which are problem solving, communication, reasoning, and connections. It entails gearing the children to develop the ability to think than just memorizing the mathematics concepts.Those who believe in the reform mathematics talk about mathematical power, the ability to reason and solve unique problems (John, 1999). It is important to note that even if the two approaches appear to differ there are some things they share in. Benefits and demerits of basics Basic mathematics requires teacher centered approach which involves teaching the mathematics through drill and practice. However in this way the children can end up not being intrinsically motivated. This prevents them from learning mathematics facts and how to connect to the real world.Furthermore the approach is essentially teacher directed, and structured only for basic skills instructions. This approach comes with advantages and disadvantages as far as basic mathematics teaching is concerned. One of the advantages is that, it is clear that for learning to be effective there must be a knowledge source and this is what the teacher act as. The teachers have attained their unifications and expertise from colleges and universities to become experts in their fields. In this reasoning it’s convenient to involve to someone who is already an expertise in the field to impart that knowledge in the students.For example according to Kelly, if the st udents have a question on atopic raised by the text book, the teacher is present ton as the expert to answer the question (Kelly, 2004). Other benefits include good planning and execution of knowledge passing process and good discipline. The disadvantage of this style is that no one can predict which parts of the information the student has learned will eventually become obsolete or incorrect, what the student will forget, or what new information he will need to know in the future (Howard, 1980).Furthermore according to Howard in some cases the students can obtain a false security if they believe that, once information ins dispensed and a cognitive framework provide the student will incorporate the information, recognize where and when it could and should be applied when time comes. One great disadvantages of this method is that a strong investment in the style can lead to rigid, standardized, and less flexible ways of managing students and their concerns (Howard, 1908). This acts a s huge impediment to development and self discovery within the student.This huge impediment has been seen as the greatest drawback for this style of administering knowledge. The benefits and demerits of reform mathematics style According the student center online answers, the best approach of teaching mathematics should stress active, student centered learning in real life context (student center). This may help in making the concepts more understandable and interesting. This therefore calls for the student knowing the crafts before they can apply them and that is where the basic mathematics comes handy. The reform mathematics takes the student centered approach of learning.This involves instructions where by the students actively create knowledge for themselves. It consists of group learning, inquiry, and humanistic learning activities (student center). This method has additional advantages both to the student and the teacher some which are enlisted below. To begin with the student would develop learning and knowledge that will help them throughout their life. In this method students always discover that learning is fun and interesting. Furthermore, through this method teachers always have less traditional work. This is more prominent in the upper class levels where the students are mature enough.The student gets to be more attentive and willing to participate in the class activities. In this way there is a reduction in the number of complaints about fairness and unequal treatment. When student carry out research and group works they generate a lot of information that the teacher may add to his collection of information. However this method also comes with some disadvantages. It poses a problem when it comes to evaluation in that this has to be individualized. Providing one test for the whole class has to be abandoned. Every student has to be evaluated based on his or her goals.One other big disadvantage of this method is that there some student who do not re late well with it in spite the teachers best efforts. Such scenario is always more prevalent in the lower classes levels even though it can also be found in the upper classes. The other demerit is that the students’ always have to work in groups. There occur complaints about being put in teams. However the complaints get to seize as the student get to understand that it is what the real world is like. Under some circumstances student may find it hard to work in teams since most of them have never had the experience of team work. ConclusionIt is important to note for the reformed mathematics, the fact that it takes the student centered learning method gives it an upper hand as method of teaching mathematics. In fact students do appreciate the real world experience eve when they do not like them that much (daymalyn, 2009). This is therefore more appropriate and practical than the basics math which would d lead to rigidity and less development of the kids as well as new advancem ent in the mathematics fields. References Howard S & Robyn M. (1980), Problem Based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education, Springer Publishing Company, ISBN 0826128416, 9780826128416.Daymalyn (2009), Disadvantages and disadvantages of student center learning, Accessed on August 7, 2010, from http://wwwemmalynombayan-daymalyn. blogspot. com/2009/09/advantages-and- disadvantages-of-student. html John A. (1999), Reform Mathematics Vs. The Basics: Understanding the Conflict and Dealing with It Accessed on August 7, 2010 from http://mathematicallysane. com/analysis/reformvsbasics. asp Kelly K. (2004), the â€Å"Math Wars†, a Short Analysis, Accessed on August 7, 2010 from http://www. newfoundations. com/ConAnalysis/KellyMathWars. html Student center, Accessed on August 7, 2010 from http://www. abacon. com/woolfolk7/faq. html

Queen Kong By Carol Ann Duffy Essay Example

Queen Kong By Carol Ann Duffy Essay Example Queen Kong By Carol Ann Duffy Paper Queen Kong By Carol Ann Duffy Paper Essay Topic: Carol ann Duffy Poems Literature Queen Kong, in relation to the monstrous gorilla King Kong is a somewhat peculiar character that thinks of herself as a human being. Although she is an enormous, terrifying animal, she shows love, affection and passion for a male human. Her devoted nature is a complete contrast to her appearance. Her temperament is undeniably opposite to King Kong, who acted aggressively and with hate towards humans. She thinks of herself as quite normal, and falls in love with a male human. The difference in species does not alter her affection; in fact Im not sure she even notices. She is so wrapped up in devotion and love for this man, nothing else matters to her. The first few stanzas of the poem lead you to believe that Queen Kong is not actually a gorilla, but a real person. Staying in 2 quiet hotels in the village, where people were used to strangers and more or less left you alone. Obviously it would be impossible for a gorilla to comfortably stay in a hotel suite, but the way that Carol Ann Duffy portrays her character is that of a human. The first mention of her beloved is in a dominant way; almost the approach we are led to believe that men take over women, one of ownership and possession, My little man. By using such a small, snappy sentence, Duffy emphasises the upper-hand she has over her man, and with the reference to his size, she also emphasises the fact that she is so much larger than him; he could not really get away from her if he desired to. It was absolutely love at first sight. Although she first portrays her character as controlling, those few words sum up just how much she really does care for him; she would do anything for him. Duffy uses short sentences and italic writing on appropriate words when she wants to emphasise a feeling. Lonely. She leads you to believe that the man who came into her life was a saviour as she had spent the majority of her life emotionless and all by herself. She also emphasises gorgeous, showing the sexual way she feels for him and the physical as well as the emotional attraction. Duffy creates many instances of erotic nature between the male and the gorilla within the poem. I believe she does this to portray the fact that appearance is not significant, although someone may not be physically attractive to others, if there is an emotional connection between two people, they may want to be together sexually although some may find it wrong or immoral. There were things he could do for me with the sweet finesse of those hands that no gorilla could. Although she is talking in a sexual sense, she does not mention anything that she does for him; this shows the dominance in their relationship and his need to please her without getting anything in return. The stanzas are set out as if a story is being told, a combination of diary entries almost, as Duffy writes it all in chronological order and with a lot of detail into each area of the poem. Many powerful adjectives are used throughout the poem to describe her emotions, good and bad; also to describe her beloved; in other words, perfection in her eyes. It isnt until the fourth stanza that the man is mentioned in a keener way, as if he does love Queen Kong and is not being forced into the relationship merely by her size. Hed climb into my open hand, sit down; this describes his enthusiastic approach towards her; he loves her too. But then he has to go. This absolutely tears her apart. Her dominance over him lacks in this stanza, But I let him go, my man. Although she still refers to him as her man, she is letting him go; she is trying to do best by him, simply because she adores him so much. The emotional toll of her man leaving her is clearly represented in stanza 8. I slept for a week; then woke to binge for a fortnight. I didnt wash. This sort of uses an American way of portraying Queen Kong; when men think that women sleep and binge eat ice-cream to make themselves feel better, which is again attaching her character to that of a human. Also, I bled when a fat red moon rolled on the jungle roof gives reference to the female menstrual cycle, which gorillas do not experience. Menstrual cycles come once a month; she also mentions at the beginning of stanza 8 that she only lasted a month which co-insides with the cycle. She then decides to get him back. This shows the affectionate side of her character and that she cannot live without the one she loves; she tried but to no avail. This also shows the desperation in her character, no other human would want to spend time with a gorilla so she is all alone; effectively she needs her man. Many instances of imagery are used within the ninth stanza such as when Duffy writes concrete rain-forest of light using a metaphor to describe the New York skyline. She also uses alliteration; pressing my passionate eye which emphasises how distressed she was whilst looking through the windows of houses searching for her lover. I found him, of course. She would never give up. Living on her own for just a month brought her to the realisation that she needed company and couldnt survive by herself. She uses adjectives such as lovely to describe her man when she finds him, portraying her joy to be reunited with the one she loves once again. Then she swaps characters, and turns from a gorilla back into a human describing herself shopping in Bloomingdales! This would be ethically impossible, but the way she illustrates her life now is almost as if its normal again just because she has her man back with her. She describes the next twelve happy years of their life together in less detail than the rest of the poem, showing that they spent so much time together that she didnt really have time to write about anything, their lives were content. Although she knew that he would die before her, nothing prepared her for the upset she received when he did. I wear him now, around my neck, perfect, preserved, with emeralds for eyes. In a strange way, this is a very loving gesture. Her man will be with her wherever she goes, and travel through the remainder of her life with her, which is exactly what she wants. I think Queen Kong is very pleased that she did not let her man go completely, she fought for him and because of this they managed to spend the last twelve happy years of his life together. There is irony at the end of this poem; whereas the famous King Kong died in his storyline, Queen Kong is not facing death, but dealing with the consequences of losing a loved one which is entirely different. This shows the feminist point of view, the female being left to live whilst the man passes away. Queen Kong is one of the only poems in the collection The Worlds Wife that portrays men in a positive light. Although the human involved could not put up much resistance against the gorilla, it does describe him as a loving character that was almost willing to spend his life with her. This poem encourages female dominance whilst also, by regularly using the adjective little to describe her man and his genital features you know that this story is a complete contrast to King Kong with the female controlling the relationship. It is very interesting to see the role reversal, especially when written from a feminist point of view.

About the US Federal Privacy Act

About the US Federal Privacy Act The Privacy Act of 1974 is intended to protect Americans against invasions of their personal privacy through the misuse of information about them collected and maintained by the federal government agencies. The Privacy Act controls what information can be legally collected and how that information is collected, maintained, used, and disseminated by the agencies in the executive branch of the federal government. Only information stored in a â€Å"system of records† as defined by the Privacy Act are covered. As defined in the Privacy Act, a system of records is â€Å"a group of any records under the control of any agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual.† Your Rights Under the Privacy Act The Privacy Act guarantees Americans three primary rights. These are: The right to see the records about them held by the government, subject to Privacy Act exemptions;The right to request that the records be changed to ensure that they are accurate, relevant, timely or complete; andThe right to be protected against unwarranted or illegal invasions of their privacy resulting from the collection, maintenance, use, and disclosure of their personal information. Where the Information Comes From It is a rare individual who has managed to keep at least some of their personal information from being stored in a government database. Doing just about anything will get your name and numbers recorded. Here are just few examples: Getting a Social Security cardGetting a paycheckFiling a tax returnRegistering for the draftServing in the militaryApplying for Social Security or other federal benefitsWorking or contracting for the federal government Information You Can Request The Privacy Act does not apply to all government information or agencies. Only executive branch agencies fall under the Privacy Act. In addition, you may only request information or records that can be retrieved by your name, Social Security Number, or some other personal identifier. For example: You cannot request information regarding your participation in a private club or organization unless the agency indexes and can retrieve the information by your name or other personal identifiers. As with the Freedom of Information Act, the agencies can withhold certain information exempted under the Privacy Act. Examples include information concerning national security or criminal investigations. Another commonly used Privacy Act exemption protects records that might identify an agencys source of confidential information. For Example: If you apply for a job in the CIA, you would probably not be allowed to find out the names of people the CIA interviewed in regard to your background. Exemptions and requirements of the Privacy Act are more complicated than those of the Freedom of Information Act. You should seek legal assistance if necessary. How to Request Privacy Information Under the Privacy Act, all U.S. citizens and aliens with legal permanent residence (green card) status are allowed to request personal information held on them. As with Freedom of Information Act requests, each agency handles its own Privacy Act requests. Each agency has a Privacy Act Officer, whose office should be contacted for Privacy Act information requests. The agencies are required to at least tell you whether they have information on you or not. Most federal agencies also have links to their specific Privacy and FOIA Act instructions on their websites. This information will tell you what types of data the agency collects on individuals, why they need it, what they do with it, and how you can get it. While some agencies may allow for Privacy Act requests to be made online, requests can also be made by regular mail. Send a letter addressed to the Privacy Officer or agency head. To speed handling, clearly mark Privacy Act Request on both the letter and the front of the envelope. Heres a sample letter: DatePrivacy Act RequestAgency Privacy or FOIA Officer [or Agency Head]Name of Agency or Component|AddressDear ____________:Under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. subsection 552, and the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. subsection 552a, I am requesting access to [identify the information you want in complete detail and state why you believe the agency has the information about you.]If there are any fees for searching or copying these records, please inform me before filling my request. [or, Please send me the records without informing me of the cost unless the fees exceed $______, which I agree to pay.]If you deny any or all of this request, please cite each specific exemption you feel justifies the refusal to release the information and notify me of appeal procedures available to me under the law.[Optionally: If you have any questions about this request, you may contact me by telephone at ______ (home phone) or _______ (office phone).]Sincerely,NameAddress What Will it Cost The Privacy Act allows agencies to charge no more than their costs for copying the information for you. They cannot charge for researching your request. How Long it Will Take? The Privacy Act places no time limits on the agencies to respond to information requests. Most agencies try to respond within 10 working days. If you have not received a reply within a month, send the request again and enclose a copy of your original request. What to Do if the Information is Wrong If you think the information the agency has on you is wrong and should be changed, write a letter addressed to the agency official who sent the information to you. Include the exact changes you think should be made along with any documentation you have that backs up your claim. Agencies have 10 working days to notify you of receipt of your request and to inform you if they need further proof or details of the changes from you. If the agency grants you request, they will inform you of exactly what they will do to amend the records. What to Do if Your Request is Denied If the agency denies your Privacy Act request (either to supply or change information), they will advise you in writing of their appeal process. You can also take your case to federal court and be awarded court costs and attorneys fees if you win.

What about drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What about drugs - Essay Example Substance abuse is frightening and I pride myself on keeping my body as healthy as can be. Recreational drug users are filling certain needs when they take drugs and this is directly related to the addictive nature as well as the chemical properties of certain drugs. Accordingly, recreational drug users who need their â€Å"fix† are actually filling a need which they themselves have created. We are not born with addictions, such as an addiction to tobacco or cocaine, these addictions are created by us and they become self-fulfilling prophecies. It has been medically proven that physical activity helps people overcome the issues associated with drug use and chemical dependency. Promoting activity, whether it is going to the gym, going for a run or playing a sport, can help people overcome the challenges associated with drug addiction. Children need to know that drugs are out there but that there is a fundamental difference between drugs which are legal and drugs which are illegal. I will talk to my kids about drugs and aim to provide an open forum for them to ask any questions they may have about drug use. Children are naturally curious and many teenagers experiment with drugs in high school. It is important to keep them knowledgeable about the effects of drugs so that they are aware of the ramifications of drug use. Kids should not be encouraged to experiment but they should be given opportunities to ask questions about drugs and expert an honest answer in return. My personal opinion is that alcohol and nicotine are dangerous and that both should be illegal. More people are killed by alcohol related violence or accidents than those cause by drugs such as marijuana and we as a society should not be promoting alcohol as a good thing. Smoking as kills millions of people but it remains legal and the government continues to earn tremendous revenue from the sale of tobacco products. Dangerous drugs

Supply and Demand Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Supply and Demand Theory - Essay Example Following an objective presentation of the Marshellian demand curve and consumer surplus, as presented in Marshall's Principles of Economics, this essay will present the critical analytical opinions which the aforementioned has generated. Integral to the comprehension and evaluation of the Marshellian demand curve and consumer surplus theory is Marshall's understanding of the implications of value and his classification of markets. Accordingly, this section will commence with Marshall's understanding of both of the stated, if only because they directly inform his supply and demand theory. Marshall claims that the notion of value is intimately connected with that of wealth. After noting, however, that for Smith the term value has two uses (as use and exchange value), he, without apparent justification, contends that it is inaccurate to use the term "value" to express the utility of an object. Accordingly, he uses the term value to connote the exchange value of one thing in terms of another at any time and place, contending that it "is the amount of the second thing which can be got here and then in exchange for the first." Hence, insofar as Marshall is concerned, the term value "is relative and expresses the relation between two things at a particular place and time" (Marshall, p. 51). In explaining exchange... Hence, the "ultimate regulator of all demand" is the consumers' demand" (p. 75). To explain demand, Marshall turns to utility. For him, utility is taken as a 'correlative" to desire or want. Desire, however, cannot be measured directly, only indirectly "by the outward phenomena to which they give rise" and, "in those cases, with which economics is chiefly concerned," the measure is "found in the price which a person is willing to pay for the fulfillment or satisfaction of his desire" (p. 79). In this respect, Marshall is evidently opting for a behavioralist conception of utility. Marshall proceeds to claim that there is a limit to each separate want, expressed as the "law of satiable wants or of diminishing utility:" The total utility of a thing to anyone (i.e., the total pleasure or other benefits it yields him) increases with every increase in his stock of it, but not as fast as his stock increases" (pp. 78-79). If the utility of his marginal purchase is the marginal utility, then the law just stated is, thus: "The marginal utility of a thing to anyone diminishes with every increase in the amount of it he already has" (p. 79). Marshall "translates" this "law of diminishing utility," following a behavioralist interpretation, in terms of price. If the price that a consumer is willing to pay for a good is called his demand price, then the law may be reworded as follows: The larger the amount of a thing that a person has the less, other things being equal (i.e., the purchasing power of money, and the amount of money at his command being equal), will be the price he will pay for a little more of it. In other words, his marginal demand price for it diminishes (p. 80) For Marshall, an

Enhancing the Self through Tennis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Enhancing the Self through Tennis - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that players can choose from one-on-one game play or doubles matches, involving four or more combatants on the court. Whatever version of the game they decide, tennis provides a forum where players maintain routine socialization with opponents, creating the opportunity for increased camaraderie and the development of long-term friendships both on and off the court. In contemporary society, a common theme can be observed which promotes the professional and social benefits of teamworking and networking as methods to enhance life successes. With this in mind, tennis provides the opportunity to build a solid set of social skills, improving one's ability to work positively with others. Whether one-on-one or doubles, this athletic pastime could potentially provide an opportunity to network with others on the court, perhaps creating a chance to advance one's career through newfound prospects.As the essay declares  most interesting to improving one's personal su ccesses through tennis is the old adage which suggests that practice makes perfect. Virtually anyone familiar with the game would likely offer that perfecting tennis skills represents a significant commitment to the player. One does not walk onto the court a tennis professional, thus continued practice creates a noticeably more proficient player.  Personal goal-setting requires similar commitment and determination in order to emerge into the life position they desire.

PBA Scholarship Application Essay Example for Free

PBA Scholarship Application Essay In this stage of my life, it is essential that I think about my future and my goals. In doing so, I also have the opportunity to reflect on my past, the road that has gotten me to where I am. As I look to pave my future, I see the path that I have followed has one that will help me to be successful in life. In reflection, I realize that I have been blessed with two loving parents, who, despite divorce, have made my life and our family a priority. See more: how to write a scholarship essay Both of my parents have lead successful lives through hard work, and I have learned through their example how to live life to the fullest and how to appreciate what I have in my life, not just material things, but opportunities, people, and gifts of talent and intellect. Through participating in athletics (four years varsity volleyball and two years varsity basketball) self-discipline and a healthy mind and body have become a priority in my life. By being healthy and active, along with hard work and determination, I can better handle the demands that I desire for my immediate future attending a four year college program. There I hope to be successful and hold a grade point average at or above what I currently have earned: 3. 4. I want to obtain a well rounded education and plan on working in law enforcement, like my father. This scholarship will help me to achieve this goal.

Imagry in the Fall of the House of Usher :: essays papers

Imagry in the Fall of the House of Usher Imagery in "The Fall of the House of Usher" The description of the landscape in any story is important as it creates a vivid imagery of the scene and helps to develop the mood. Edgar Allan Poe is a master at using imagery to improve the effects of his stories. He tends to use the landscapes to symbolize some important aspect of the story. Also, he makes use of the landscape to produce a supernatural effect and to induce horror. In particular, Poe makes great use of these tools in "The Fall of the House of Usher." This story depends on the portrayal of the house itself to create a certain atmosphere and to relate to the Usher family. In "The Fall of the House of Usher," Edgar Allan Poe uses the landscape to develop an atmosphere of horror and to create corollary to the Usher family. Poe uses the life-like characteristics of the house as a device for giving the house a supernatural presence. The house is described as having somewhat supernatural characteristics. The windows appear to be "vacant" and "eye-like" (1462). The strange nature of the house is further explained as around the mansion, "†¦there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity." (1462). This demonstrates that the house and its surroundings have an unusual and bizarre existence. Upon entering the house, the narrator views some objects, such as the tapestries on the walls and the trophies, fill him with a sense of superstition. He describes the trophies as "phantasmagoric" (1462). He further explains that the house and the contents were the cause of his feelings. He describes his superstition one night, "I endeavored to believe that much, if not all of what I felt, was due to the phantasmagoric influence of the gloomy furniture of the room†¦" (1468). Hence, Poe makes use of the house to create a supernatural effect. Likewise, Poe describes the house to create a terrifying effect. "The Fall of the House of Usher" is a horror story. In order to develop a mood to get the reader frightened, Poe must portray the setting of the story. The house is described initially by the narrator, who sees the image of the house as a skull or death’s head looming out of the dead. He is not sure what to think and comments of the properties of the old house: "What was it, I paused to think, what was it that so unnerved me in the contemplation of the house of Usher?

Implications of Pure Food Act in Bangladesh

University of Dhaka Faculty of Business Studies Department of Marketing IMPLICATIONS OF PURE FOOD ACT IN BANGLADESH Submitted to Shehely Parvin Assistant Professor Submitted by NADEEM NAFIS – 4119044 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 2 Adulteration runs rampant in the country. Dangers lurk in every food items. From vegetables, fish, milk, fruit, sweetmeats, ice cream, to spices, nothing is safe. Packaged and bottled drinks, both locally produced and imported, with harmful ingredients and chemicals are being sold in the market. Many of the dry food items available in the market are being produced in bewildering unhygienic locations.Oblivious of the dangers lurking in the everyday food items, parents now ask their children to eat foods that contain vitamins, iron and calcium. Though there is a law but still no effect or it is ineffective. However in doing this report I feel luck to aware myself and eventually it will give me knowledge to make aware others people around me. I would like to g ive a big thanks to Shehely Parvin, Assistant professor of Department of Marketing, University of Dhaka and course teacher of MKT-510- Business Environment. This course made me to undertake the responsibility of preparing a project on â€Å"Implications of pure food act in Bangladesh†.This report is required as a part of fulfilling the objectives of a project course (MKT-510) Nadeem Nafis 41119044 MKT-510 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Food adulteration in the country has assumed alarming proportions. Experts in medical biology point out that consumption of adulterated food affects people with kidney dysfunction, diabetes and cardiac problems. They further point out that one of the important reasons for infertility is the presence of residues of pesticides, growth hormones, heavy metals and mycotoxins in our food. The main reason for this is that our farmers are not properly trained in the use of chemical fertilisers.Absence of effluent treatment plants on one hand (ETP) and lack of train ing of the farmers, the factory wastes, fertiliser and pesticide residues are drained out at will into the farmlands, ultimately contaminating the farm at large. A study by the Institute of Public health revealed that more than 50% food samples including water which they had tested were adulterated. According to D. G. , BSTI the production of contaminated drinking water has been increasing in the country. BSTI revealed that about 1,000 drinking water factories exist in the country, only 400 of which have licenses from the BSTI.Bottlers of drinking water factories have mushroomed with little regard to compliance of standard or BSTI license. Despite BSTI cancelling the licenses of 139 bottling factories in the last 18 months, there has been no news in setting up new factories in new locations. The result: Children and aged people are facing constant threat of diseases even with the bottled water produced by these factories. Textile dyes are being randomly used to colour sweetmeats lik e kalojam, chamcam, pantua cakes and pastries. Urea fertiliser is used for whitening puffed rice.A section of factory owners, through use of other low quality oil and mustard colour, continue to market mustard oil. Sadly, in most cases they are using allyl isothiocyanate to give off a mustard oil extra bite. 3 MKT-510 When the import of soyabean oil becomes uncertain or the price shoots up globally, the local market manipulators resort to dishonest means. Unscrupulous millers resort to mixing soyabean oil with poor quality palm oil or super oil. In the domain of fruits and vegetables there prevails a total anarchy. Gullible consumers are buying fruits, locally produced or imported, from malls not realising what they are bargaining for.Many people in the country have stopped buying fruits, especially mangoes from the city markets after watching the destruction of formalin and ethofen-laced mangoes and grapes by the mobile courts on TV. Papya and bananas are artificially ripened by ch emicals like ethylene oxide and formalin. Experts in medical biology point out that ethylene oxide is carcinogenic and when used over food might invite a disaster. The key findings of the EPA study group suggest that many children may develop cancer sometime during their lifetime as a result of the pesticide or toxic-laden products they consume.The test conducted by BSTI-run mobile courts on fruit samples like mango, banana, lichis and jackfruit collected from Badamtali, Amin bazaar and Karwan bazar show the presence of formalin and ethofen, which in the short term will cause diarrhea, food poisoning and gastrointestinal disorder but in the long-term will accumulate to serious health implications. Fish is considered an essential protein for people of all categories and ages. Many fish sellers spray fish with formalin (formaldehyde gas mixed with methyl alcohol), an organic chemical, usually used for preserving tissues.It makes the fish appear stiff and fresh for a longer period of t ime. Regular intake of such adulterated fish and vegetables might cause cancer. The month of Ramadan will bring more such woes for Muslims because of the excessive fried items sold for a month. A section of restaurant owners use refined engine oil to fry chickens, kabab, peaju and potato crisps. Engine oil used as cooking ingredient makes food tasty, claim a section of the restaurant 4 MKT-510 owners. Defying health department regulations, many restaurant owners and street vendors use leftover cooking oil.This increases the peroxide limit of the oil, turning it toxic. The NRDC report goes on to charge that the governments of the countries surveyed are failing to adequately protect the youngsters from such dangers. Given the fact that children are consuming toxic food, they are likely to be more vulnerable than adults. Their organs may not be as efficient in removing toxic chemicals. In Bangladesh, we have allowed both pollution and food contamination to run riot. No agency other tha n BSTI has conducted any examination of the pesticide-residue levels or toxic chemicals in the food market.With a totally inefficient monitoring system, just having tough laws is not enough to keep unscrupulous traders from tampering with food items. BSTI sources revealed that it conducted 1,039 mobile courts across the country in seven months from July last year to February this year and detected rampant malpractice and adulteration in the food production centres. Some Tk. 23. 8 million were realised as fine during the drives while 1,086 cases were filed and 66 people were sent to jail. According to DG, BSTI, adulteration problem could be controlled easily if the DCC performed its job properly.The DCC is supposed to do so instead of BSTI.. DCC have their own magistrates while BSTI has to hire magistrates from the district administration. Despite the Pure Food Ordinance 2005, there was hardly any effort to enforce it. Even when the country's apex court issued orders again in 2009 fo r setting up food court and one food testing centre in every district, no effort was taken to implement it. With 50million people in the country known to be afflicted with complicated diseases by taking adulterated food, the administration has got to be scary.Given the political will, it is not very difficult to control this nefarious business by a handful of traders out to kill people slowly through poison; simply for minting money. 5 MKT-510 God forbid! What will happen if one of their near relations get affected with some deadly diseases by taking such adulterated food? 6 MKT-510 CONTENTS Description Page 9 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 23 27 29 30 30 30 7 1 1. 1 1. 2 Introduction Background of the report Scope of the report 2 2. 1 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 2. 2 Food safety: A public health priorityMajor issues in food safety Microbiological hazards Chemical hazards Surveillance of food borne dieses New technologies Capacity building Importance of food safet y 3 3. 1 3. 1. 1 3. 1. 2 3. 1. 3 3. 1. 4 Food safety & quality control framework in Bangladesh Laws , regulations & standards Laws & regulations Bangladesh pure food ordinance, 2005 in detail Analysis of food Bangladesh food standards 4 4. 1 4. 1. 1 Implications of pure food act in Bangladesh Using chemicals & industrial dyes to look food fresh & tasty Arsenic phosphorous & the carbide produces acetylene gasMKT-510 4. 1. 2 4. 1. 3 4. 1. 4 4. 1. 5 4. 1. 6 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 Fish in kitchen market are stored in formaldehyde Condense milk Sulphuric acid & industrial dyes Formaldehyde Do you have formaldehyde related symptoms? Adulterated food The drive against adulterate food Laboratory analysis of food 31 32 34 35 36 38 40 42 44 44 46 47 48 50 8 5 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 Implementation of food ordinance Administration & inspection Efforts by NGO’s WHO/FAO supported food safety program in Bangladesh 6 7 Conclusion & Recommendations References MKT-510 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Repo rt 9 Food safety legislation should be developed and updated taking into consideration specific needs of consumers and food producers, development in technology, emerging hazards, changing consumer demands and new requirements for trade, harmonization with international and regional standards, obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, as well as social, religious and cultural habits. The implementation of food safety legislation throughout the food chain is essential in establishing an effective food safety system.Effective national food control systems are essential to protect the health and safety of domestic consumers. They are also critical in enabling countries to assure the safety and quality of their foods entering international trade and to ensure that imported foods conform to national requirements. The new global environment for food trade places considerable obligations on both importing and exporting countries to strengthen their food control syste ms and to implement and enforce risk-based food control strategiesThe pure Food Act 2005 is the Bangladeshi food legislations that form the backbone of the food safety programme. The objective of the pure Food Act 2005 is to ensure that the public is protected from health hazards and fraud in the preparation, sale and use of foods and for matters connected therewith. MKT-510 1. 2 Scope of the report There are numerous types of implications are now occurring against pure food act of Bangladesh but we are unable to depict all of these fields of events. However in this report the major concerns are delicately depicted.Again due to time, information & synchronization stricture all details are not fully exposed. But in general if one goes through this report then he/she will find very interesting & can learn the impact not only on our society but also on the rest of the world. 10 1. 3 Objective of the Study This report has an objective to study, measure and analyze the implication, imple mentation & performance of Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 2005. This report has divided into five major chapters, mainly focuses on 1. To know about Pure food act of Bangladesh 2. Implications of pure act in Bangladesh 3.Recommendations for proper implementation of pure food act MKT-510 2. FOOD SAFETY: A PUBLIC HEALTH PRIORITY Safe food contributes to health and productivity and provides an effective platform for development and poverty alleviation. People are becoming increasingly concerned about the health risks posed by microbial pathogens and potentially hazardous chemicals in food. Up to one-third of the populations of developed countries are affected by food borne illness each year, and the problem is likely to be even more widespread in developing countries.The poor are the most susceptible to ill-health. Food and waterborne diarrhoeal diseases, for example, are leading causes of illness and death in less developed countries, killing an estimated 2. 2 million people annually , most of whom are children. 11 Diarrhoea is the most common symptom of food borne illness, but other serious consequences include kidney and liver failure, brain and neural disorders, and death. Food safety refers to the potential hazards associated with food that can cause ill-health in humans.Certain of these hazards are naturally-occurring (for example aflatoxins in groundnuts), whilst others occur through contamination (for example pesticide residues in fruit). The potential hazards associated with food include the following (Unnevehr and Hirschhorn, 2000; WHO, 2002a): Food safety is of particular concern in a developing country context not only because of the high prevalence of food-borne illness and other hazards associated with food, but also because of the considerable economic and social costs that, in turn, reflect prevailing levels of economic development. MKT-510 2. MAJOR ISSUES IN FOOD SAFETY Food borne illness can be caused by microbiological, chemical or physical haz ards. The nature and extent of these risks are being elucidated by an increasing body of scientific data, although several areas of information gathering, such as the surveillance of food borne illness, need to be strengthened. There is also mounting concern about new technologies and especially the introduction of genetically modified organisms into the food supply. 12 2. 1. 1 Microbiological hazards Food borne illness caused by microorganisms is a large and growing public health problem.Most countries with systems for reporting cases of food borne illness have documented significant increases over the past few decades in the incidence of diseases caused by microorganisms in food, including pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and parasites such as cryptosporidium, cryptospora, trematodes. Approximately 1. 8 million children in developing countries (excluding China) died from diarrhoeal disease in 1998, caused by microbiologica l agents, mostly originating from food and water.One person in three in industrialized countries may be affected by food borne illness each year. In the USA, some 76 million cases of food borne illness, resulting in 3,25,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year. There are only limited data on the economic consequences of food contamination and food borne disease. In studies in the USA in 1995, it was estimated that the annual cost of the 3. 3–12 million cases of food borne illness caused by seven pathogens was US $6. 5–35 billion.The medical costs and the value of the lives lost during just five food borne outbreaks in England and Wales in 1996 were estimated at UK? 300–700 million. The cost of the estimated 11 500 daily cases of food poisoning in Australia was calculated at AU$ 2. 6 billion annually. The increased incidence of food borne disease due to microbiological hazards is the result of a multiplicity of factors, all associa ted with our fast-changing world. Demographic profiles are MKT-510 being altered, with increasing proportions of people who are more susceptible to microorganisms in food.Changes in farm practices, more extensive food distribution systems and the increasing preference for meat and poultry in developing countries all have the potential to increase the incidence of food borne illness. Extensive food distribution systems raise the potential for rapid, widespread distribution of contaminated food products. Changes in food production result in new types of food that may harbor less common pathogens. Intensive animal husbandry technologies, introduced to minimize production costs, have led to the emergence of new zoonotic diseases, which affect humans.Safe disposal of manure from large-scale animal and poultry production facilities is a growing food safety problem in much of the world, as manure frequently contains pathogens. Changes in eating patterns, such as a preference for fresh and minimally processed foods, the increasingly longer interval between processing and consumption of foods and the increasing prevalence of eating food prepared outside the home all contribute to the increased incidences of food borne illness ascribed to microbiological organisms. The emergence of new pathogens and Pathogens not previously associated with food are a major public health concern.E. coli O157:H7 was identified for the first time in 1979 and has subsequently caused illness and deaths (especially among children) owing to its presence in ground beef, unpasteurized apple cider, milk, lettuce, alfalfa and other sprouts, and drinking-water in several countries. Salmonella typhimurium DT104 has developed resistance to five commonly prescribed antibiotics and is a major concern in many countries because of its rapid spread during the 1990s. These changes in microbiological hazards in foods have been recognized by the World Health Assembly and by Codex.The 22nd session of the Code x Alimentarius Commission and the 45th Codex Executive Committee requested FAO and WHO to convene an international expert advisory body similar to the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) on the microbiological aspects of food safety to address in particular microbiological risk assessment. The results of these risk assessments will provide the scientific basis for measures to reduce illness from microbiological hazards in foods. 13 MKT-510Effective management of microbiological hazards is enhanced through the use of tools such as Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA) and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems. Sound microbiological risk assessment provides an understanding of the nature of the hazard, and is a tool to set priorities for interventions. HACCP is a tool for process control through the identification of critical control points. The ultimate goal is improvement of public health, and both MRA and HACCP are means to that end. 14 2. 1. 2 Chemical hazardsChemicals are a significant source of foodborne illness, although effects are often difficult to link with a particular food. Chemical contaminants in food include natural toxicants such as mycotoxins and marine toxins, environmental contaminants such as mercury, lead, radionuclides and dioxins, and naturally occurring chemicals in plants, such as glycoalkaloids in potatoes. Food additives and nutrients such as vitamins and essential minerals, pesticide and veterinary drug residues are deliberately used to increase or improve the food supply, but assurance must first be obtained that all such uses are safe.Chemical contamination of food can affect health after a single exposure or, more often, after longterm exposure; however, the health consequences of exposure to chemicals in food are often inadequately understood. While assessments of the risks associated with exposure to pesticides, veterinary drugs and food additiv es are usually supported by extensive information, fewer data are available on the toxicology of contaminants in food. New understanding of the potential for chemicals to affect the immune, endocrine and developing nervous systems should continue to be incorporated into hazard characterizations of chemicals in food.Risk assessments must take into account the potential risks of sensitive population groups such as children, pregnant women and the elderly. They must also address concern about cumulative, lowlevel exposure to multiple chemicals. Testing procedures and other methods of assessment for adequate evaluation of these potential risks are being developed and validated. Estimates of the exposure of specific subpopulations are often hampered by inadequate data on dietary intake and on levels of contamination of food.This lack of information is exacerbated in developing countries, where MKT-510 little reliable information is available on the exposure of their populations to chemic als in food. Public awareness about chemicals in food is relatively high, and consumers continue to express concern about the risks to health due to the deliberate addition of chemicals to food. Increasing concern is also being expressed about the introduction of contaminants into the food chain from industrial pollution of the environment.Recognition that some pesticide residues and other chemicals may affect the hormonal system has further heightened public concern about persistant organic pollutants (POPs). The challenges for risk assessment of chemicals include consideration of susceptible populations such as children, pregnant women and the elderly, cumulative low-level exposure to multiple chemicals and effects on fetal neural development. Work is needed to develop and validate methods to evaluate these potential risks adequately.The Global Environment Monitoring System – Food Contamination Monitoring and Assessment Programme (GEMS/Food) database should be expanded to i nclude more countries and more comprehensive data on the food intake of subpopulations and on the concentrations of contaminants in food commodities. Improved risk assessments with minimized uncertainty will provide a better, more acceptable basis for international and national standard setting and reduce concern about the safety of food. 15 2. 1. 3 Surveillance of food borne disease Outbreaks of foodborne disease attract media attention and raise consumer concern.However, cases of foodborne illness occur daily in all countries, from the most to the least developed. As most of these cases are not reported, the true dimension of the problem is unknown, and efforts to secure the resources and support necessary for the identification and implementation of effective solutions often fail. Effective control of foodborne disease must be based on evaluated information about foodborne hazards and the incidence of foodborne disease. Development of a strategy to reduce foodrelated risks requir es knowledge about the current levels of foodborne disease in Member States.It must also be based on an appreciation of the targets and time-frame for improving food safety. This should be an on-going process, in which new targets are set when old ones are achieved, and progress should be monitored continuously in targeted surveys. MKT-510 The absence of reliable data on the burden of foodborne disease impedes understanding about its public health importance and prevents the development of risk-based solutions to its management. Innovative strategies and methods are needed for surveying foodborne disease and food contamination.A laboratory-based surveillance system should be based on sentinel sites and regional and/or international laboratory networks. A necessary prerequisite for risk-based strategies based on optimized surveys is an interdisciplinary approach involving strong collaboration among all sectors dealing with foodborne disease surveillance and food safety in the health sector. 16 2. 1. 4 New Technologies New technologies, such as genetic engineering, irradiation of food, ohmic heating and modified atmosphere packaging, can be used to increase agricultural production, extend shelf life or make food safer.Their potential benefit for public health is great: for example, genetic engineering of plants has the potential to increase the nutrient content of foods, decrease their allergenicity and improve the efficiency of food production. However, the potential public health effects of these technologies have raised concern globally during the past decade. Some new technologies benefit the health and economy of communities and contribute to sustainable development. However, countries should be provided with the results of objective, rigorous assessments of the potential risks associated with these technologies before being asked to accept them.Moreover, countries should be assisted in developing capacities to evaluate such results. The basis for the safet y assessments should be easy to understand and well communicated, so that the public can be involved at the early stages of this process. The evaluation should be based on internationally agreed principles that include factors other than considerations of safety and risk, such as (health) benefits, socioeconomic factors, ethical issues and environmental assessments.These considerations should be developed with other WHO partners such as FAO, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Bank. MKT-510 2. 1. 5 Capacity building Most developed countries continue to expand the capacity to protect their populations from exposure to unacceptable levels of microorganisms and chemicals in food. Public awareness of the risks involved is relatively high in these countries, and many governments have made clear commitments to improve food safety.Developing countries have many competing priorities in their health agendas, and food safety has not, in the past, been recognized as a vital public health issue. However, it is becoming clear that foodborne disease has a significant impact on health. The globalization of the food trade and the development of international food standards have also raised awareness of food safety in developing countries. Placing food safety on the political agenda is the first vital step in reducing foodborne illness. The consumption of locally produced food is more common in developing countries.Fewer processed and packaged foods are available, large volumes of fresh food are traded in traditional markets, and food eaten outside the home is typically prepared by street vendors. Most of the concern for food safety is related to inappropriate use of agricultural chemicals, poor storage of food, an absence of food inspection, lack of infrastructure such as potable water and adequate refrigeration and lack of awareness about food safety and hygiene. Many developing coun tries are poorly equipped to respond to existing and emerging food safety problems.They lack technical and financial resources, an effective institutional framework, trained manpower and sufficient information about the hazards and risks involved. The risks are especially great in countries where low national income coincides with rapid industrial and agricultural development. 17 MKT-510 2. 2 Importance of Food Safety †¢ Food safety and sanitation are considered to be a key issue to ensure overall food security in Bangladesh. †¢ Food is the major source of human exposure to pathogenic agents, both chemical and biological (viruses, parasites, bacteria), from which no individual is spared.The importance of food safety stems from: (1) food being the primary mode of transmission of infectious disease; (2) the intricate linkage with development- governs individual and community health, national productivity, and promotes export potential & thus earn foreign exchange; (3) emerge d as prominent sources of conflict in international agricultural trade. 18 †¢ Biotechnology has raised some food safety concerns as new scientific methods to assess the safety of food derived from biotechnology have yet to be developed and agreed upon internationally. †¢ †¢In Bangladesh ;90 % tube wells of 61 districts (out of 64) are contaminated with arsenic. Urban population are gradually shifting from cereal-based diets and would likely generate a demand for fish, livestock, horticultural, forest produce as well as processed items, in turn necessitating safety load of associated transport, storage and marketing infrastructure. MKT-510 3. Food Safety and Quality Control Framework in Bangladesh 19 Bangladesh has achieved a significant progress in health & nutrition of the people. In spite of this progress, still the infant mortality rate is 51/1000 and maternal mortality ratio is 3/1000 livebirths.Some one third of the children born with low birth weight and only 11 . 5 % of preschool age children are nutritionally normal. ‘Diarrhoeal diseases' is one of the major public health problems in the country. Some two third of these diarrhoeal diseases are food and water borne. At present, more than 30 million people are facing arsenic problem in drinking water and some 70-80 million people are threatened with the problem. Bangladesh is yet to develop a unified Food Safety Administration System and to formulate a Food Safety Policy.But it has a National Food and Nutrition Policy where attention has been given on food safety. There are significant activities in food safety and quality control are going on in the country. A number of Ministries, Departments and Agencies are involved in these activities with a major responsibility of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) which has a unique infrastructure to deliver its services throughout the country. Under this Ministry, Management Information System on food safety and food borne illne sses is some extent integrated with the Primary Health Care Programme.It may be mentioned here Bangladesh has signed the WTO Agreement. In Bangladesh, the food safety and quality control framework consists of Laws, Regulations & Standards, Administration & Inspection and Laboratory analytical services. MKT-510 3. 1 LAWS, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS 3. 1. 1 LAWS AND REGULATIONS 20 (a) The Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 1959: This is an ordinance to provide better control of the manufacture and sale of food for human consumption. Now, this Ordinance is under revision as ‘The Bangladesh Pure Food (Amendment) Act, 2004. Under this Act, it has been proposed to constitute aNational Food Safety Council ‘headed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as well as to establish Food Courts. (b) The Bangladesh Pure Food Rules, 1967:. In this Rule, there are generic standards for 107 food products. Now, this ‘Rules' is under revision. (c) The Special Power Act, 1974 (Act No XIV of 1974-as modified up to the 31st July, 1978): An Act to provide special measures for the prevention of certain prejudicial activities, for more speedy trial and effective punishment of certain grave offences. (d) The Food Grain Supply (Prevention of Prejudicial activity) Ordinance, 1956 (Ord. xvi of 1979): This ordinance provides special measures for prevention of prejudicial activity relating to the storage, movement, transshipment, supply and distribution of food grains. It provides basis for the protection of false statement or information. (e) The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance, 1985: This ordinance is to establish an Institution for standardization, testing, metrology, quality control, grading and marking of goods. Within the framework of this ordinance, Government has established the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI).One import task is to certify the quality of commodities, materials, whether for local consumption, export and imp ort. The Ordinance has been amended as The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Amendment) Act, 2003. Currently, BSTI is developing a ‘Policy on Labelling'. BSTI is the Codex Focal Point for Bangladesh. MKT-510 (f) The Radiation Protection Act, 1987: Under this Act, the Institute of Food and Radiation Biology (IFRB) of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission is primarily involved in food irradiation research and development in the country. g) The Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Act, 1989: The Government has enacted â€Å"The Iodine Deficiency Disorders Prevention Act, 1989 for universal salt iodisation & banned noniodised salt from market, aimed at virtual elimination of IDD from the country. (h) The Essential Commodity Act, 1990: The purpose of administering this act is to stable, maintain or increase supply of essential commodities including foodstuffs. The mandate of Essential Commodity Act also includes broad spectrum of broad spectrum of activities like stora ge, transport, distribution, disposal, acquisition, use or consumption of any essential commodity. i) Fish and Fish product (Inspection and Quality Control) Rules, 1997: This section of the Fish and Fish products (Inspection and Control) Ordinance 1983 (Ord xx of 1983) and in conjunction with fish and fish products Inspection and Quality Rules 1989, and other related provisions made there under, the Government has made the Rules: Fish and Fish product (Inspection and Quality Control) Rules, 1997. These Rules are basically meant to develop quality improvement to promote export of trade. The quality control of fish and fish products in the country has earned reputation of the importing countries. j) Laws and Regulations: In addition, a number of other Laws and Regulations are existed in the country to ensure the safe and quality food viz. The Animal Slaughter (Restriction) and Meat Control (Amendment) Ordinance,1983 (it is under revision);The Pesticide Ordinance,1971 & the Pesticides Rules,1985;Destructive Insects and Pests Rules (Plant Quarantine),1966,amended up to 1989;Agricultural Products Market Act,1950 (revised in 1985);Fish Protection and Conservation Act,1950 (amended in 1995);Marine Fisheries Ordinance 1983 and 21 Rules,1983;Procuremnet Specifications, Ministry of Food, Rice Mill Control Order etc.To protect the consumers rights and privileges a new Act i. e. Consumers' Protection Act, 2004 is to be passed soon. There are also a number of policies i. e. Bangladesh Food and Nutrition Policy, MKT-510 1997 and National Plan of Action on Nutrition, National Agricultural Policy, 1999; Integrated Pest Management Policy, 2002 etc are linked with the country's food safety and quality control. (h) Pure Food Act, 2005: Finding huge irregularities and unhygienic situation in the food sectors, the government has formulated a new law, the Pure Food Act, 2005. 2 MKT-510 3. 1. 2 Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 2005 in Details Manufacture and Sale of food Provisions r egarding manufacture and sale of Food 23 1. Prohibition of manufacture or sale of food not of proper nature, substance or quality (1) No person shall directly or indirectly (a) Manufacture or sell any article of food which is adulterated, or (b) Sell to the prejudice of the purchaser any article of food which is not of the nature, substance or quality demanded by the purchaser. 2) An offence shall not be deemed to have been committed if the article of food contains the normal constituents and if any innocuous substance or ingredient has been added thereto, if such substance or ingredient (i) is required for the production or preparation of such article as an article of commerce in a condition fit for carriage or consumption, and (ii) is not so added fraudulently to increase the bulk weight or measure, or to conceal the inferior quality, of such article: Provided that the admixture of such substance or ingredient does not render such article to be injurious to health; . Prohibition o f sale or use of poisonous or dangerous chemicals, intoxicated food colour, etc No person shall directly or indirectly sale any food in which poisonous or dangerous chemicals or ingredients or additives or substances like calcium carbide, formalin, pesticides [DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ), PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyl oil) etc. or intoxicated food colour or flavouring matter has been used in any food which may cause injury to human body. . Prohibition of manufacture or sale of food not of proper standard of purity No person shall, directly or indirectly manufacture or sell any milk, butter, ghee, wheat flour (that is to say, maida, atta or suji) or mustard or any other rape seed oil, or any other article of food which are not of proper standard of purity. MKT-510 Standard of purity of milk or skimmed milk or condensed milk or sterilized ilk or desiccated milk (1) In the case of milk other than skimmed, condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk,(a) the species of animal from which the milk is derived shall be specified by the seller in such manner as the local authority may direct by general or special order in this behalf;(b) the article sold shall be the normal, clean and fresh secretion obtained by the complete milking of the udder of a healthy animal of the species specified, not earlier than seven days after the calving and freeing of the colostrums of such animal; and (c) the article sold shall, whether such secretion has been processed or not, be an article from which no ingredient has been extracted and to which no water or other substance (including any preservative) has been added and which contains the normal constituents prescribed under clause (a) or sub-section (1) of section 5. 24 2) In the case of skimmed milk,(a) The container shall be labelled and marked in such manner as may be prescribed; (b) The article sold shall contain such proportion of the constituents of milk as maybe prescribed; and (c) The place at which such article is sold shall be specified by the seller in such manner as the local authority may direct by general or special order in this behalf. (3) In the case of condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk,(a) The container shall be hermetically closed, labelled and marked in such manner as may be prescribed; and (b) The article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall contain such proportion of the constituents of milk as may be prescribed. Standard of purity of butter In the case of butter, the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall be exclusively derived from the milk or cream (other than skimmed, condensed, sterilized or desiccated milk or cream) of a cow MKT-510 or buffalo or both, and may be with or without salt and with or without the ddition of any innocuous colouring matter, and shall not contain a greater proportion of water than may be prescribed. Standard of purity of ghee In the case of ghee (that is to say, clarified milk fat), the article manufactured or sol d, as the case may be, shall contain only substances (other than curds) which are prepared exclusively from the milk of cows or buffaloes or both, and shall fulfil such other conditions as may be prescribed. 25 Standard of purity of wheat flour In the case of wheat flour (that is to say, maida, atta or suji), the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall contain only substances which are derived exclusively from wheat, and shall fulfill such other conditions as may be prescribed.Standard of purity of mustard or any other rape seed oil In the case of mustard or any other rape seed oil, the article manufactured or sold, as the case may be, shall be derived exclusively from mustard or any other rapeseed, as the case may be, and shall fulfill such other conditions as may be prescribed. 5. Prohibition of manufacture or sale of anything similar to or resembling an article of food No person shall, directly or indirectly and whether by himself or by any other person acting on his behalf, manufacture or sell anything similar to or resembling an article of food notified or under any name which so resembles the ordinary name of such article of food as to be likely to deceive the public or which is in any way calculated to mislead the public as to the nature, substance or quality of that thing. 6.Prohibition of keeping adulterants in places where food is manufactured or sold A person cannot keep or sell adulterants near the premises of manufacturing process of food. If any kind of adulterants is found near a food premise or shop then the owner will be accused for breaking the law if the contrary cannot be proven. No person shall keep Guzi (niger seed) in any manufactory or shop. No person shall keep any quantity of white oil except under a license granted by a local authority. MKT-510 7. Prohibition of sale of diseased animals and unwholesome food intended for human consumption No person shall sell for human consumption any living thing which is diseased or unsound or sell or manufacture any other article of food intended for human consumption which is unwholesome or unfit for human consumption. 26 8.Prohibition of use of false labels No person shall, directly or indirectly use labels which falsely describes that the article is to mislead as to its nature, substance or quality. 9. Registration of certain premises The premises used for manufacturing, storing or selling food must be registered from authorized body. 10. Special provisions for seller of Ice cream and some other food The manufacturer and seller of certain dry food such as ice cream, ice, pickles, sweets, cake, biscuits, bread, flour, pulses etc must clearly write their address on the signboard and the transport the use to delivery. Prohibition of the keeping of bread-stuffs, etc, otherwise than in covered receptacles.No milk, bread-stuffs, cake, pastry, sweetmeats, confectionery or other article of food intended or commonly used for human consumption without further prepara tion by cooking shall be sold, exposed or kept or hawked about or stored for sale unless they be kept properly covered or otherwise guarded to the satisfaction of the local authority, so that they shall be protected from dust, dirt and flies 11. Certain diseased person not to manufacture, sell or touch food No person, who is suffering from leprosy, tuberculosis or any other disease which may be notified by the Government in this behalf, shall manufacture or sell any article of food, or will fully touch any such article which is for sale by any other person. MKT-510 3. 1. 3 ANALYSIS OF FOODProvisions regarding analysis of food 1. Right of purchaser to have article of food analyzed or otherwise examined A person who has purchased any article of food shall, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, be entitled to have a sample of such article analyzed or otherwise examined by the public analyst appointed for the area in which the purchase was made, and to receive from such public an alyst a certificate in the form provided in the Schedule, specifying the result of the analysis or examination. 27 2. Providing samples for examination is obligatory Any Gov’t nominated person can order the buyer to sell certain products to him for the purpose of examination.He can also ask for the sample of the products to be kept for sale or transport or store. 3. Procedure for obtaining analysis or examination A person who intends to have analyzed or otherwise examined a sample shall-(1) forthwith notify in writing his intention to the person who sold or surrendered the sample;(2) divide the sample into three parts, and mark, seal or fasten each part †¢ One part to the person who sold the sample, or †¢ One part to the consignor, whose name and address appear on the container of the article, †¢ One part for purposes of future comparison; and(3) thereafter submit within seven days one part to the public analyst appointed for the area in which the sample was so ld or surrendered. 4.Duty of public analyst to supply certificate of analysis Every public analyst to whom a sample has been submitted for analysis or bacteriological or other examination shall(a) Analyze or examine such sample or cause such sample to be analyzed or examined; (b) not later than 14 days[ seven days in normal case and two days in case of emergency after the date on which he receives the sample, deliver to the person submitting it a certificate specifying the result of the analysis or examination, (c) Send a copy of the certificate to the local authority concerned. MKT-510 Provisions regarding inspection and seizure of food 1. Appointment of Inspector A person can be appointed as an inspector by the Gov’t or Gov’t monitor local authority. 28 2.Right to enter premises A person authorized, or an Inspector appointed, have the right to enter any premises at any hour of the day or night excluding the hours between midnight and day break. 3. Production of books , vouchers and accounts A person authorized, or an Inspector appointed, may by written notice require any person carrying on the trade or business in, or manufacturing or selling, any article of food, to produce before him for inspection all books, vouchers, accounts and other documents relating to such trade, business, manufacture or sale and every person on whom such notice is served shall comply with such requisition. 4. Power to seize food believed to be adulterated. The nominated person can inspect and examine the food any time (except midnight to dawn) and seize food believed to be adulterated 5.Destruction of seized living things and food The nominated person in front of two witnesses and with the written acknowledgement of the owner will destruct the seized food products MKT-510 3. 1. 4 Bangladesh Food Standards a. Under the Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance, 1959 and the Bangladesh Pure Food Rules, 1967, there are 107 different generic, mandatory food standards. b. BSTI is the Standardisation body in the country. There are 50 mandatory generic food standards of BSTI. In addition, there are some 250 optional standards for different foodstuff. BSTI is also adopting Codex standards. 29 MKT-510 4. IMPLICATIONS OF PURE FOOD ACT IN BANGLADESH 4. 1 Using chemicals and industrial dyes to look food fresh and tasty The bananas arrive at Sadarghat before first light.One by one the trucks roar into the crammed Ahsanullah Road that charts the banks of the Buriganga river on Dhaka’s southern edge. The bananas, piled high in the hold, are offloaded into the numerous warehouses that line the streets. As the sky lightens up, the cargo is more visible. They are a deep green in colour and bitter to the taste. But by that same afternoon, miraculously, these same bananas will be bright yellow and sweet. As the trucks pull away an army of workers, spray-cans on their shoulders enter the warehouses and start spraying the fruits stacked on the floor. ‘It is a medic ine that helps the banana ripen better and get a nice yellow colour,’ says one local wholesaler. 30 4. 1. Arsenic phosphorous and the carbide produces acetylene gas The chemical, it turns out, is Calcium Carbide, and is extremely hazardous to the human body because it contains traces of arsenic and phosphorous. Once dissolved in water, the carbide produces acetylene gas. Acetylene gas is an analogue of the natural ripening agents produced by fruits known as ethylene. Acetylene imitates the ethylene and quickens the ripening process. In some cases it is only the skin that changes colour, while the fruit itself remains green and raw. When the carbide is used on very raw fruit, the amount of the chemical needed to ripen the fruit has to be increased. This results in the fruit becoming even more tasteless, and possibly toxic. We don’t know what the name of the chemical is but it works like magic,’ he says. Just go to one of the pharmacies in the Dhaka Medical Colleg e area and ask for medicine to ripe bananas,’ he adds. Visits to the neighbouring warehouses reveal that scores of banana wholesalers are MKT-510 using this same technique to transform cheaply bought unripe banana into a golden cargo, going on to supply it to Dhaka’s ever-growing appetite for sweeter, riper and bigger. Later in the morning, we visit one of the pharmacies in the DMCH area. They won’t say what the chemical is but sure enough, it is cheap and widely available. The chemical, it turns out, is Calcium Carbide, and is extremely hazardous to the human body because it contains traces of arsenic and phosphorous. 31 4. 1. Fish in kitchen markets are stored in formaldehyde (used to preserve dead-bodies) The chemical fertiliser urea is used in our rice to make it whiter, fish in kitchen markets are stored in formaldehyde (used to preserve dead-bodies) to keep them fresh-looking, colours and sweeteners are injected into fruits, and Recent studies by the Food and Nutrition Institute, University of Dhaka, have also found Escherichia coli (E-coli), Salmonella, and Shigella bacteria in restaurant food and street food in the city. Eating contaminated food may cause diarrhoea, dysentery and other diseases. ‘Finding bacteria is very common in the restaurant foods. But the more alarming thing is that the restaurant owners do not throw out the leftover oil from everyday cooking, using the same oil the next day. As a result the peroxide value of the oil increases and it becomes toxic ultimately (CAB) — Bangladesh’s only consumer rights group — confirms that wholesalers do indeed use urea fertiliser in rice to make it whiter.Comsumers who eat husk paddle processed rice (red rice) will also find themselves cheated, as artificially colored rice is also available in the market, say members of the watchdog. This is common knowledge, they say. ‘While the rice is being processed, they use urea fertilizer in the rice to m ake it look more attractive, thus increasing its sale value,’ said Miftaur Rahman, a local rice dealer in Kawran Bazar, who claims his products are clean. Most of the red chilli powder used in the market is adulterated – in most cases the spices are mixed with brick dust. Fine sawdust is also often mixed with cumin and other ground spices, say MKT-510 CAB members.Honey is also frequently adulterated, as lab tests have found sugar syrup is often mixed with honey to enhance the sweetness. Nowadays, pure butter oil and ghee are also very rare in the market. Dishonest traders use a host of ingredients such as animal fat, palm oil, potato mash, and vegetable oil to produce fake butter oil. They even mix soap ingredients like steirian oil with ghee, to increase the proportions. 32 Rasogolla, kalojaam, and chamcham are the essential delicacies for all festivals in Bengali culture. But food and sanitation officers from the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) say most of these mouthwa tering sweetmeats, despite looking attractive in the shop displays, are made with adulterated ingredients and produced in a filthy environment.In a survey conducted by DCC officials found that 100 percent of examined samples of Rasogolla, kalojaam, curds, and sandesh were adulterated. Bangladesh’s Pure Food Ordinance (1959) states that at least 10 per cent milk fat is mandatory in sweetmeat. But in most cases, the percentage of milk fat is not more than five per cent. 4. 1. 3 Condensed milk Three years after it first emerged that condensed milk produced by Bangladeshi manufacturers contained little or no milk and was in fact condensed vegetable fat, the companies are continuing to supply their spurious product to the market on the strength of a High Court stay order on legal action against them. Brands like Starship, Danish, Goalini and Kwality are mostly producing condensed milk, which do not satisfy the ‘BDS 896: 1979’ code of the Bangladesh Standard and Testin g Institute (BSTI),’ said Shamsuzzoha, Information officer of Consumers’ Association of Bangladesh Bangladesh’s only consumer rights group. From the test conducted by the Public Health Institute, it was found that these two brands have a bacterial count level of 76,000 and 25,000, respectively,’ he said. The maximum count of bacteria in a gram of condensed milk is 10,000. ‘Despite the numerous test results, these brands continue to sell their adulterated products taking advantage of the fact that authorities tend to avoid their responsibilities at investigating such products and taking measures in ensuring MKT-510 consumer rights,’ he says.He explains that the ‘BDS 896:1979’ quality insists the need of actual cattle milk be condensed, mixed with sugar, then packaged and sold as condensed milk. According to the criteria, condensed milk should have a composition of 28 per cent solid milk, 8 per cent fat, 40 per cent sugar, 0. 3 per cent lactic acid and count level below 10,000 bacteria in every gram of the milk. 33 The Milk and Dairy Product section committee of BSTI finalised the BDS standard for condensed milk on May 22, 1979. The quality was designed in accordance with the condensed milk manufacturing procedure discovered first by scientist Gail Borden in 1896. The committee had also kept in mind the necessity of the International Standards Organization (ISO) standards while formulating this particular standard.This standard was later approved by the Agriculture and Food Products Divisional Council of BSTI. ‘These condensed milk lack the basic nourishing factors that natural milk has,’ said Zoha. He explained that natural milk consists of 80 to 90 per cent water. The rest includes protein, saturated fat, vitamin and calcium. ‘The most important element is lactose, a special type of galactose that aids digestion in the human system,’ he explained. The other elements in milk are alb umin, globulin, potassium, sodium, iodine and sulphur. ‘All these elements make the consumption of a litre of milk equivalent to the consumption of 21 eggs, 12 kilograms of beef and 2. 2 kilograms of bread by a human,’ he said. As most of these brands are using vegetable fat and powdered milk to produce condensed milk, consumers are missing out from the consumption of ‘real’ condensed milk,’ he said. In a report published by CAB in December, 1995 it was found that Danish Condensed milk (Bangladesh) imports 125 metric tonne of powdered milk. When tested by the Bangladesh Atomic Energy commission it was found that the radioactivity levels in their milk is much higher than the stipulated limit. The high court verdict was against the sale and production of this powdered milk. ‘We still cannot tell whether the company abided by the high court verdict,’ says one CAB official. Along MKT-510 with powdered milk, the brands are using Hoye powder, water, sugar, artificial colour, flavour and vegetable fat to produce condensed milk.Currently, 7,68,000 cans of condensed milk are sold daily. ‘The daily demand shows the massive consumption of condensed milk and thus the immense health hazard being faced by the nation,’ says one CAB official 34 4. 1. 4 Sulphuric acid and industrial dyes Some sweetmeat makers from rural areas are unaware of the existence of food colouring and use only industrial dyes in their products. The dough makers in different parts of the country put sulphuric acid in hot milk to make it thicken quickly. ‘They first put a paste of ground rice into the milk, followed by sulphuric acid to turn the milk into a thick dough within minutes,’ say DCC officials.In Dhaka City, famous sweetmeats brought from various parts of the country have been selling fast due to well-financed advertisement campaigns. Among these are Porabarir Chamcham, curds from Bogra, Rasogolla from Jessore, monda from M uktagachha, and Rosomalai from Comilla. ‘In most cases, these sweetmeat are not what they seem,’ says Abdullah, a worker at a city sweetmeat outlet. Sources at the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute (BSTI) — the government agency responsible for enforcing standards and issuing permits for the manufacture of processed foods — admit that a wide variety of products such as soybean oil, butter oil and mustard oil are being sold in the market with fake BSTI seals.In recent weeks, laboratory reports have revealed that fruits are ripened artificially using calcium carbide while traces of organo-phosphorus — an insecticide — has been discovered in vegetables in kitchen markets. ‘The nutritional elements that should be in fruits and vegetables, if adulterated with dyes and synthetic colours, are destroyed. Eventually the digestion of those poisonous fruits or vegetables may cause diarrhoea, dysentery and even death,’ says Professo r MKT-510 Sagormoy Barma, a nutritionist at Dhaka University. ‘The long-term impact of eating those foods is cancer,’ Barma warns. Meanwhile children are fast becoming the greatest casualty of the widespread adulteration. If children don’t get the vitamins and minerals from fruits and vegetables to rebuild tissues, the result could be severe malnutrition says Professor MQK Talukder, a paediatrician at the Combined Military Hospital (CMH). ‘The most terrifying thing that can happen for not enriching a child’s body with the right nutritional elements are lack of growth and damage to central nervous system,’ Talukder says. 35 4. 1. 5 Formaldehyde Ranked as one of the most hazardous compounds (worst 10%) to ecosystems and human health. Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable, strong-smelling gas. It is an important industrial chemical used to manufacture building materials and to produce many household products.It is used in pressed wood products s uch as particleboard, plywood, and fiberboard, glues and adhesives, permanent press fabrics, paper product coatings, and certain insulation materials. In addition, formaldehyde is commonly used as an industrial fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, and as a preservative in mortuaries and medical laboratories. In 1987, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified formaldehyde as a probable human carcinogen under conditions of unusually high or prolonged exposure (1). Since that time, some studies of industrial workers have suggested that formaldehyde exposure is associated with nasal cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer, and possibly with leukemia. In 1995, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that formaldehyde is a probable human arcinogen. Several NCI(National Cancer Institute, USA) studies have found that anatomists and embalmers, professions with potential exposure to formaldehyde, are at an increased risk for leukemia and brain cancer comp ared with the general population MKT-510 Mutagenic activity of formaldehyde has been demonstrated in viruses, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhimurium and certain strains of yeast, fungi, Drosophila, grasshopper and mammalian cells (Ulsamer et al. , 1984). Formaldehyde has been shown to cause gene mutations, single strand breaks in DNA, DNA-protein crosslinks, sister chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations.Formaldehyde produces in vitro transformation in BALB/c 3T3 mouse cells, BHK21 hamster cells and C3H-10Tl/2 mouse cells, enhances the transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by SA7 adenovirus, and inhibits DNA repair (Consensus Workshop on Formaldehyde, 1984). 36 When inhaled, acetaldehyde, the closest aldehyde to formaldehyde in structure, causes cancers in the nose and trachea of hamsters, and nasal cancers in rats (EPA,USA, Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure. Substance Name — Formaldehyde,CASRN — 50-00-0, Last R evised — 05/01/1991. 4. 1. 6 Do You Have Formaldehyde-Related Symptoms? There are several formaldehyde-related symptoms, such as watery eyes, runny nose, burning sensation in the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches and fatigue.These symptoms may also occur because of the common cold, the flu or other pollutants that may be present in the indoor air. If these symptoms lessen when you are away from home or office but reappear upon your return, they may be caused by indoor pollutants, including formaldehyde. Examine your environment. Have you recently moved into a new or different home or office? Have you recently remodeled or installed new cabinets or furniture? Symptoms may be due to formaldehyde exposure. You should contact your physician and/or state or local health department for help. Your physician can help to determine if the cause of your symptoms is formaldehyde or other pollutants. MKT-510 Stage ChemicalHealth Risks Diarrhoea, nausea Respiratory disorders, bronchitis, s kin diseases, headache Burning eyes, nose, throat high blood pressure, bronchitis Wounds leading to Cancer Wounds leading to Cancer stomach problems, Soaking NaC1 37 Unhairing/liming KOH, Na 2 S03/bi Sulphide Deliming/bating Na 2 S03, NH 4 C1, Na2So4 Picling Chrome Tanning Sammying, splitting H 2 SO 4, H-COOH, NaC1 Dyes, fixing, agent, Condensation of urea Respiratory complications Buffing Liquid pigment, polymer, fixative, preservatives and aromatic ingredients. Cancer Shaving, dyeing Table: Health risk by unwanted chemicals MKT-510 4. 2 ADULTERATED FOOD ? Asthma Caused by toxic dyes used in most Chinese resturants ? Bananas: Chemicals calcium carbide and ethrel are used to artificially ripen Bananas. The other popular method is to ripen them through heating in a closed environment. Coconut Oil: Acid value beyond permissible limit found in major brands. ? Condensed Milk: Along with Star Ship, Fresh and Goalini, reportedly use vegetable fat instead of milk ? Dyes: Eating foods conta ining industrial dyes and colours causes violent allergic reactions, respiratory problems, asthma, liver disorders and kidney dysfunction and bone marrow disorders. Nowadays, coal tar dyes are being used in sweetmeats. ? Erythrosine: Red food colouring that can lead to tumour in thyroid gland, asthma, bronchitis and hyperactivity. ? Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde – normally used to preserve dead-bodies – is used to preserve fish bound for city markets. Greens: Fresh greens, so abundantly available, are the best way to go as far as vegetables are concerned. Shashya Prabartana offers the finest, pesticide-free organic variety. ? Iodine: Found in high quantities in most condensed milk brands. Indicate use of vegetable fat. ? Keya Coconut Oil: Accused of containing twice the acid value permitted by BSTI in its regulations. ? Lentils: Lentils are mixed with toxic colours to improve their colour and marketability. ? Mustard Oil: Most mustard oil brands contain iron beyond permis sible limits. ? Pesticides: When pesticides enter the body on a regular basis, they affect the liver until it is damaged permanently.Quality Seal Many products use forged and/or expired BSTI seals 38 MKT-510 ? Rice: A host of rice varieties available in the market are artificially whitened using the toxic fertiliser Urea Soyabean Oil Poorly produced Soyabean oil contains high levels of toxins which can lead to cancer ? Tartrazine: Yellowish orange food colour that can lead to cancer, headaches, allergies such as asthma, inflammation, eye irritation and runny nose. (Mubin S Khan and Adnan Khandker , Slate, October 2006) OTTAWA, March 17, 2005 – The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and Afrocan Direct Imports Inc. are warning the public not to consume the Heritage brand Palm Oil described below.These products may contain a non-permitted colour, Sudan IV, which is considered to be carcinogenic. Sudan I and IV, red dyes, are not permitted as food colours in Canada. Sudan I, has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals and these findings could also be significant for human health. There have been no reported illnesses associated with the consumption of these prod